Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading global cause of mortality and neurological dysfunction.Its pathological process involves both primary and secondary injuries. External forces directly cause vascular rupture and axonal disruption, leading to cerebral hemorrhage and cellular damage; the secondary phase further exacerbates the injury through mechanisms such as neuroinflammation, neuronal degeneration, and mitochondrial dysfunction.Current clinical strategies for TBI management include surgery, pharmacological interventions, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, nutritional support, and hypothermia. While these approaches can alleviate certain symptoms, their efficacy in improving long-term neurological outcomes remains limited. Tissue engineering has provided new strategies for TBI treatment. The application of biomaterials such as hydrogels, electrospun nanofibers, and nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems can create biomimetic microenvironments, overcome the delivery limitations imposed by the bloodbrain barrier, and enable coordinated multilevel neural repair. This review aims to summarize recent advances in tissue engineering strategies for TBI treatment, analyze their therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms, and propose new directions for future research.