Macaques are widely used as experimental animals in biomedical research. Monkey B virus (BV) is a zoonotic pathogen that naturally infects macaques, with an infection rate as high as 70% to 100%. Although BV infection in macaques is usually asymptomatic or has only mild symptoms, once transmitted to humans, it can cause severe encephalomyelitis and neurological sequelae, with a fatality rate of over 40%. BV can also remain latent in the human body for a long time and then be reactivated under specific circumstances, leading to serious neurological diseases. Most people infected with BV are animal caregivers, veterinarians, and laboratory researchers. The severity of human BV infection makes it the main zoonotic disease of concern among those in contact with macaques. There is currently no vaccine to prevent human infection with BV and no specific antiviral drugs. Implementing preventive measures through occupational health and safety management, conducting standardized emergency responses to exposure incidents, and promptly blocking or reducing the invasion of BV are thus key strategies for lowering the risk of human BV infection and mortality. This article reviews the characteristics of human BV infection, the preventive measures for occupational health and safety management related to BV, emergency treatment measures after exposure,exposure risk assessment, post-exposure prophylaxis, and the key points of post-exposure follow-up, with the aim of providing useful references for laboratory animal institutions and medical institutions in the practice of BV prevention and control.