Growth arrest-specific protein 7 (Gas7) is rich in α-helix structures and is highly expressed in the central nervous system, particularly in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. The abnormal expression of Gas7 is closely related to the occurrence of various nervous system diseases and drug addiction; however, the molecular regulation and underlying mechanisms of Gas7 remain to be fully elucidated. This review comprehensively examines the diverse functions of Gas7 in the nervous system, including its critical regulatory roles in nervous system development, neuronal differentiation and maturation, microtubule dynamics, cell cycle regulation, neuronal migration, axon guidance, neuronal mitophagy and repair, and synaptic plasticity. Further investigations may offer novel insights into the pathogenesis of neurological diseases and provide a theoretical foundation for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.