Medical and pharmaceutical research laboratory usually involves wide range of study aspects. The materials used in the laboratory are various, including animals, microorganisms and nano-particles and other kinds. Meanwhile, with the production of more and more waste, more biosafety risks would be created. Here, we outlined the potential safety risks related with gene amplification, gene recombination, pathogenic microorganism research, nanotechnology, animal experiments, genetically altered animals, and experimental waste, etc. It also proposed preventive measures for laboratory biosafety risks, which mainly associate with developing strict legal frameworks, bettering hardware infrastructure, strengthening safety awareness, and enhancing education and training programs.