Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex underlying genetic structure. However, preclinical trials currently under investigation for ASD mainly rely on rodent models to test the effects of non–pharmacological and pharmacological interventions on the core and related symptoms of ASD. This article elaborates on the brain regions that affect social interaction behaviors from the perspective of cognitive neural mechanisms; reviews behavioral testing experiments such as the three–chamber social interaction test, the visible burrow system, and the ecological HAB system; summarizes effective non–pharmacological interventions and pharmacological interventions such as baclofen, oxytocin, and metformin in the core and related symptom areas of ASD. This review aims to provide reference directions for promoting the development of preclinical trials using rodent models in the future.