Mitochondria are the center of intracellular energy metabolism.Mitochondrial dynamics refers to the dynamic process of mitochondrial fusion and fission, which plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and central nervous system function.Optic atrophy 1(optic atrophy 1,OPA1) is a key factor involved in mitochondrial dynamics. By regulating the process of mitochondrial fusion and fission, reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting apoptosis and promoting mitochondrial autophagy, optic atrophy 1 maintains the dynamic changes of mitochondrial quantity, structure and biological function. A large number of studies have shown that OPA1-mediated mitochondrial dynamics plays an important role in ischemic stroke, Alzheimer"s disease, Parkinson"s disease, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis and other central nervous system diseases. This article mainly reviews the regulatory mechanism of OPA1 on mitochondrial dynamics and the important role of mitochondrial function mediated by mitochondrial function in central nervous system diseases, in order to provide new ideas for clinical treatment.