Abstract:Objective To observe the symptoms of juvenile Rhesus monkey taking orally melamine and melamine analog. Symptoms including:kidney damage, kidney stone, process of kidney damage reversibility. Methods6month old rhesus monkeys were chosen, half male and half female, randomly divided into 3 groups, each group has 2 monkeys. group T1(melamine,140 mg/kg; cyanuric acid,14 mg/kg), group T2 (melamine, 140 mg/kg; adenine, 50 mg/kg), and group T3(melamine,140 mg/kg). Each group was given its own dose for 10 weeks. Then the animal’s daily condition was observed, and their CBC, blood chemistry, urine routine and B scan were tested at different time point. The animals were kept for 18 months; their growth and development condition were observed. Results 1.At each group, lots of stones was found on the kidney after administering drug for 8 weeks. After stopping administration, all stones became smaller and less, and no stone could be tested till stopping test articles for 16 months. 2. At each group, β2-MG and UA in blood serum was increased after administration, but all of them fluctuated in normal limit; and in reversibility, β2-MG and UA were lower than before. Conclusions1. melamine (48mg/kg.w.d as in human body ) could not cause Rhesus monkey kidney damage ,but can cause kidney stone. 2. When cyanuric acid and adenine existed, melamine could increased β2-MG and UA in normal range and also could cause kidney stone. 3. The stone of all animals couldn’t be detected for 16 months, the animals of oral melamine recovered faster. 

Abstract:ObjectiveTo observe ultrastructural changes of central nerve system and lymph nodes at different stages of SIV infection in rhesus monkeys, explore the pathogenesis of simian AIDS. Methods15 rhesus monkeys, 1 was used as normal control, the other 14 monkeys were infected with SIVmac239 intravenously. Inguinal lymph nodes and hypothalamic tissues were inspected by transmission electron microscopy at 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 12 months and 18 months after infection. Results1 week after infection, lymphocytes in lymph node showed pathological changes, manifested as mitochondria swelling with cristae dissolution and autophagies. At time points of 2 weeks and 1 month after infection, lymphocytes showed mitochondria swelling with cristae dissolution. 2 months after infection, the nuclei of the lymphocytes were obviously deformed. At 12 months after infection, a high proportion of lymphocytes had obvious lesions, manifested as cell swelling, most organelles lost their normal appearance; some cells showed features of solubilized necrosis. At 18 months after infection, the lymphocytes were sparse in some areas of the lymph node, the nuclei of the lymphocytes were swelling or had irregular shapes. Central nervous system lesions appeared at 1 week after infection, manifested as nerve fiber swelling. At 2 weeks after infection, the neuron showed mitochondria swelling, rough endoplasmic reticulum degranulation, Nissl bodies disappearing; there were vacuoles in the nerve fibers. At 12 months and 18 months after infection, the lesions of neurons and nerve fibers were increased. ConclusionsIn the early stage of SIV infection, the lesions can be found in lymph node and central nervous system. After maintaining a relatively stable stage, the disease deteriorated, the lesions were increased. The lesions in the central nervous system and lymph node showed some similarity in the development.

Abstract:Objective The aim is to explore the hematological and the blood biochemical values in SIV infected monkeys for the investigation of pathogenesis of SIV/HIV. Methods20 Chinese rhesus monkeys were inoculated with SIVmac 239 intravenously, and the blood samples were taken from monkeys in 2,6,9,2,15 and l8 months under anesthesia with ketamine hydrochloride. The anticoaglutin blood was used for blood routine by Beckman Coulter Ac.T5 diff, and the serum was analyzed for biochemical elements by the use of Hitachi 7020 automatic analyzer.ResultThe total count of erythrocyte and leukocyte revealed to be decreased slowly but the count of lymphocyte fluctuated up and down between 52.1±13.1% and 32.8 ±14.2% . ALT and AST did not appeared to be increased , but at the time of 15 months they increased P ＜ 0.05 and P ＜ 0.01。LDH decreased but the cause is unknown. CK increased steadily to the summit in12 months then it fell down. The BUN increased step by step monthly to 6～18 months P ＜ 0.01 .The total protein increased but the albumin decreased, the ratio of A/G was inversed. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL increased but they decreased in 12 months. Blood glucose increased monthly, it may be related to the damage of pancreatic islet in SIV infected monkeys. ConclusionBy the use of SIV infected monkeys more organs suffered with pathological changes and dysfunction of body liquid, some haematological and blood biochemical values appeared to be abnormal ,by which it would be presented some useful data for the investigation of pathogenesis of SIV/HIV. 

Abstract:ObjectiveTo observe the normal histology of skin in SD rat and BAMA minipig. MethodsThe skins are removed from SD rat and BAMA minipig, then fixed with 10% formalin, embedded with paraffin, stained with HE and observed under light microscope. ResultsTwo animal skin histological structures are notably different in the following areas:1.The hair follicles of SD rat are distributed, the average is 3-9 groups, while the hair follicles of BAMA minipig are rare; 2.The periderm of SD rat is thinner and there is no diaphanotheca. The basal cell is lack of heterogeneity. The junction of dermal and epidermal is flat, which is no skin nails. while in BAMA minipig, skin nails and dermal papillas are staggered up and down.3.The structure of the dermis is relatively loose in SD rats. The vascular system is underdeveloped in dermal. However, in the junction of Bama miniature pig skin dermis reticular layer and papillary layer, a lot of the superficial plexus of small veins and arteries are distributed horizontally. The Distributed manner of the blood vessels in Bama miniature pig skin is very similar with human skin; 4.Sweat glands are confined to the foot pad of SD rat, Epithelial cells of sweat gland are the only one cell type, glandular cells are cuboidal or low columnar, nucleus is round, Duct which is composed of two layers of epithelial cells is short and curved. However, the sweat glands in the Bama minipig are named apocrine sweat glands. Porcine sweat glands are located in the deep dermis which is connected by dermis and fat. The secretory portion is wide, lumens is large, and is coiled into the group. Gland cells are cube or flat, nucleus is round or fusiform shape. There are myoepithelial cells between the gland cells and the basement membrane. The ducts are fine and straight, which are opened to the upper hair follicle. 

Abstract:ObjectiveTo comparatively evaluate the therapeutic effect of puerarin on bone mineral density of the mandible and femur in ovariectomized rats, and to investigate the association between TNF-α, CRP and E₂. Methods40 female 3-month old SD rats were divided into 4 groups randomly:sham operation group (sham), ovariectomized (OVX) group, ovariectomized group with injection of estrogen (OVX-estrogen) and ovariectomized group with injection of puerarin. After 3 months, TNF-α, CRP and E2 in the serum were tested. Meanwhile, the bone mineral density of the mandible and femur was measured. ResultsThe body weight of OVX-puerarin group was signficantly higher than that of sham group (P < 0.01). Compared with OVX-estrogen group, the TNF-α, CRP and E₂ serum level of OVX-puerarin group was significantly lower (respectively P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.01). As to mandible and distal femur bone mineral density, there were no significant difference among OVX-puerarin group, sham group and OVX group, but the proximal femur bone mineral density of OVX-puerarin group was significantly higher than that of OVX-estrogen group (P < 0.05). ConclusionAs an anti-inflammatory factor, puerarin can significantly reduce the level of TNF-α and CRP in the serum, but can’t promote the level of E₂ in the serum in ovariectomized rats. Puerarin has some therapeutic effect on the ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis, but can significantly increase the body weight of ovariectomized rats. 

Abstract:Objective To make a reproducible diabetes mellitus model in macaques intravenous injection with low dose streptozotocin(STZ). Methodswe used STZ (30 mg/kg of body weight, intravenously, 3 days) to five macaques. The dynamic changes of the kidney related biochemistry index and routine urinalysis were measured for 13 months after the glucose is stable. ResultsAnimal’s average glucose is table at 10 week(8.31±2.31 mmol/L). Compared with the contents before injection, TP, GLOB, TG increased significantly at 10 and 9 months (P < 0.05)while A/G reduced in plasma in macaques 11 months after streptozotocin injection(P < 0.01). GSP have significant difference at 6 months (P < 0.05) and great significant difference at 9 months (P < 0.01). Significantly positive correlations were observed between Glu and TP, GLOB, UREA, CR, Mg²⁺, GSP. Significantly negative correlations were observed between Glu and A/G. ConcusionThe present Diabetes Mellitus model in nonhuman primate mimics human early stage of DN and may be useful in assessing safety and efficacy of protective agents.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the changes of lymphocytes from ileum Peyers pacth from Chinese rhesus monkeys at acute period with SIVmac239 infection. Methods9 rhesus monkeys were used and 5 were infected with SIVmac239 via intravenous injection. The tissues or lymphocytes from ileum Peyers pacth lymph nodes from rhesus monkeys at acute period were collected and analyszed with CD4+, CD8 immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry T-cell subsets labeling with CD3, CD4, CD8, CD28, CD95 monoclonal antibodies respectively. ResultsObviously declined CD4+/CD8+ ratio and increased memory cells (CD4 + & CD8 +) ratio and CD8+ T cells were detected in Peyers lymph nodes, but CD4 counts had no significant change in Peyers lymph nodes. ConclusionDeclined CD4+/CD8+ ratio and increased memory cells (CD4 + & CD8 +) ratio were found in Peyers lymph nodes from rhesus macaques at acute period with SIVmac239 infection, however, the meaning and possible affection to disease need further study. 

Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the antidepressant-like effects of combination of ginseng total saponins(GTS)and polygala tenuifolia total glycosiders (PTG) in mice. MethodThe factorial design analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to investigate the appropriate combination of GTS and PTG. The forced swim and tail suspension test were performed to evaluate the efficacy of SYG. Open field test was used to assess the psycho-stimulant side-effects. C57BL/6J mice (for tail suspension test) and ICR mice (for forced swim test) were randomly separated into 11 groups (n = 10):control (distilled water), positive control (10 mg/kg, paroxetine for TST, amitriptyline for FST), or treated with SYG (nine groups). All drugs and water were administered by gastric gavages (20 mL/kg) once daily for seven days. The behavioural tests in mice were conducted on the 7th day after the last administration. To compare the antidepressant effects of SYG, GTS and PTG, C57BL/6J mice (for tail suspension test) and ICR mice (for forced swim test) were randomly separated into 13 groups (n = 10):control (distilled water), positive control (10 mg/kg, paroxetine for TST, amitriptyline for FST), or treated with SYG (37.5,5, 150 mg/kg), GTS, PTG (18.5,7.5,5, 150 mg/kg). All drugs and water were administered by gastric gavages (20 mL/kg) once daily for seven days. The behavioural tests in mice were conducted on the 7th day after the last administration. ResultsIn the factorial design, SYG reduced the immobility time in the tail susupension and forced swim test at doses of 75 mg/kg (GTS∶PTG = 50∶25) and 150 mg/kg (GTS∶PTG = 100∶50) (P < 0.05). Accordingly, the appropriate combination of GTS and PTG was 2∶1. SYG did not produce significant effects on the locomotor activity in the open-field test. In the subsequent test, GTS reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test at doses of 5,0 mg/kg(P < 0.01,P < 0.05), but did not reduce the immobility time in the forced swim test. PTG reduced the immobility time in the forced swim test at doses of 18.5,7.5 mg/kg(P < 0.01,P < 0.05), but did not reduce the immobility time in the tai suspension test. However, SYG reduced the immobility time both in the forced swim and tail suspension test at doses of 37.5～150 mg/kg(P < 0.01,P < 0.05). ConclusionThe prescription composed of GTS and PTG could be used as a potential effective antidepressant candidate drug after further research has been done. 

Abstract:ObjectiveTo study the phenotype and functions of NK cells in mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) from rhesus monkeys infected with SIV during acute phase. Methodsfour rhesus monkeys were inoculated with SIVmac239. Plasma viral load and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio were detected at regular intervals. To obtain mucosal associated lymphoid tissues, ileum of animals was collected by operations at different times after inoculation. Then, mononuclear cells from this tissue were stained with antibodies, and detected with flow cytometry. ResultsCD56-CD16⁺ in MALTs were expanded in numbers and the degranulation functions were enhanced during acute phase of SIV infection. The ratio of DN NK cells were reduced but their functions showed unchangeable. The ratio of DP NK cells and CD56⁺CD16- NK cells increased slightly, but the immunoregulation functions were decreased. ConclusionsThe degranulation cytotoxicity potential of NK cells from gut associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) from SIV infected rhesus monkey were enhanced during acute phase. This study plays an important role in the exploration of mucosal immunologic mechanism of SIV infection. 

Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the function of flaxseed powder lingans on the prevention of breast cancer and the relation with estrogen on the ovariectomized female rats. MethodsFouty-eight female wistar rat were randomly divided into basal diet group(BD), basal diet castrate group (BDC), flaxseed group(FS) and flaxseed castrate group(FSC), All of the rats were treated with DMBA by intragastric administration at a dose of 2mg/kg weight to establish the experimental animal models of induced breast cancer and the BDC and FSC groups were operated for the ovariectomy. On the 21 week the volume and weight of the palpable tumors were measured and conducted pathological examination by pathologist. ResultsThe experimental animals were generally in well situation, there was no obvious toxic or side effect in experimental groups, palpable tumors appeared two to four weeks later in FS and FSC groups than that in the control; Compared with the control groups, the incidence and the average number of lesions of breast hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, breast cancer were significantly lower in flaxseed groups(hyperplasis:FS vs BD,P=0.006**；FSC vs BDC,P<0.001**; atypical hyperplasia:FS vs BD,p=0.048*；FSC vs BDC,P <0.014*; breast cancer:FS vs BD,P=0.028*；FSC vs BDC,P=0.047*), additionally, the volume and weight of the tumors were lower in flaxseed groups. The results also suggested that the ability of inhibiting the hyperplasia and tumor cell growth of the flaxseed lignans is related with estrogen states(hyperplasis:P=0.008**；atypical hyperplasia: P=0.042*；Breast cancer:P=0.033*). ConclusionsFlaxseed powder lignans can effectively prevent and reduce the occurrence of breast cancer, precancerous lesions and hyperplasia induced by DMBA, and the preventive effect of flaxseed powder lignans are affected by body estrogen. The above results may be of reference value for screening effective population and preventing breast cancer by lignans.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo design and make an experimental apparatus so that the researchers can easily and quickly detect the neural function deficits of rats after cerebral injury by means of climbing board test, and to improve the precision of the experimental data. MethodsThe male adult SD rats were randomly divided into three groups:Tβ₄ group, PBS group and Sham group. From the 1st to the 7th day after operation, the new apparatus and the primary one were applied separately in the climbing board test to detect the neural function deficits of rats of the three groups. The nerve function loss score was recorded and analyzed by statistical methods. ResultsResults based on the new apparatus:Both the nerve function loss score of the Tβ₄ group and that of the PBS group decreased gradually, and the neural function deficits could still be detected five days later. The statistical difference (P＜0.05)between the two groups could be checked out three days later. The statistical difference (P＜0.05)between the Tβ₄ group and the Sham group could be detected in the earlier three days. The statistical difference (P <0.05)between the PBS group and the Sham group could be found during the seven days after operation. Results based on the primary apparatus:Both the nerve function loss score of the Tβ₄ group and that of the PBS group decreased sharply, and the neural function deficits couldn''t be detected five days later. The statistical difference between the two groups could be found only at the 4th day. The statistical difference (P＜0.05)between the Tβ₄ group and the Sham group could be detected only in the earlier two days. The statistical difference (P＜0.05)between the PBS group and the Sham group could be found only in the earlier four days. ConclusionThe new experimental apparatus is easily to be made and can be operated conveniently in experiment. It can increase the precision of experimental data, and has better function to detect the statistical differences resulted from the experimental factors.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo make a reproducible diabetes mellitus model in macaques by injecting streptozotocin (STZ). Methodswe used STZ (30 mg/kg of body weight, intravenously, 3days) to five macaques. The dynamic changes of the glucose, C-peptide and insulin contents in plasma were measured for 12 months. The IVGTT were made at 2 and 3 month. ResultsThree of five monkeys became markedly hyperglycemic, 2 other monkeys received a second and third dose of STZ intravenously (30 mg/kg) after the first dose. Compared with the contents before injection,the glucose contents increased significantly while C-peptide and insulin contents reduced in plasma in macaques 1 week after streptozotocin injection(P<0.01),Diabetic monkeys also had abnormal responses to an intravenous glucose tolerance test at 2 and 3month. ConclusionThe results showed that low dose with 30 mg/kg STZ could lead to the significant changes in glucose, C-peptide and insulin content stably, indicating that macaques diabetes mellitus model was established successfully．

Abstract:ObjectiveTo establish Real-time PCR method for detection of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNA. Methods13 pairs of primers were designed according to the coding sequence of woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen (WHcAg) and woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen (WHsAg). The primers demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity were used for Real-time PCR detection of WHV DNA in woodchuck serum. Then, this method was applied in detection of WHV DNA in serum of woodchuck. ResultsThe selected primers pair (WHVSF1, WHVSR1) which based on 5′ end of WHsAg gene showed a detection limitation of 1×10^1copies/μL. The R² value of standard curve of viral copy number and the Real-time PCR Ct value was 0.997, and no mixed bands were observed during electrophoresis. ConclusionReal-time PCR method for detection of WHV DNA in serum of WHV infected woodchuck was established, which could be used in WHV model.

Abstract:ObjectiveTo develop a transgenic GFP nude mouse model, human lung carcinoma cells were implanted to test and verify the Immunodeficiency of the model, then observing the result of Dual-color fluorescence imaging. MethodThe GFP nude mouse was obtained by crossing BALB/c male nude mice with the transgenic EGFP female C57/B6 mouse. We observe the Thymus through Gross Anatomy, test GFP expression Through Whole-Body and Major Organs Fluorescence Imaging.Six-week-old nude EGFP mouse was injected RFP-expressing Human A549 lung carcinoma cells (RFP-A549) subcutaneously with a single dose of 2×10⁶, test and verify the Immunodeficiency of EGFP-expressing nude mice through The development of tumor. Meanwhile, a GFP mouse-RFP tumor model was established to evaluate the Dual-color fluorescence imaging. ResultDeveloped EGFP-expressing nude mice, obvious fluorescence can be observed in whole-body and major organs include brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidney, intestines, stomach and pancreas. After implanted RFP-A549 cells subcutaneously, the percentage of tumorigenesis is 90%, fluorescence imaging show dual-color clearly. ConclusionDeveloped a transgenic GFP nude mouse model, the whole-body fluorescence imaging clearly and have Immunodeficiency.

Abstract:There are some correlations between the variation of thymus,T、B cells of adaptive immune system, neutrophil, macrophage, NK/NKT cells, Dendritic cells etc of natural immune system and immunosenescence. Immunosenescence mainly associated with the varies of adaptive immune system, therefor, this article will introduce the inordinately varies of the number, surface molecules, cytokines and signal transduction as well as the dysfunction of T and B cell with age. 

Abstract:In the present article, the significance of canine distemper virus (CDV) to jeopardize animals and public health has been analysed by introduced the epidemic characteristics and reports on natural infection in primates. It seems that the CDV should be the coming threat to the entry-exit primates breeding industry for its potential epidemic risk, and measures for prevention-and-control were pointed out based on the characteristics in inspection and quarantine.

Abstract:Human cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent promising tools for new approaches to cancer etiology studies and anti-cancer strategy. Because of their distinctive capability to recapitulate the development of the original tumors in vivo, the study of human cancer stem cells largely relies on models of xenograft transplantation into immunodeficient mice. Here we shortly review the knowledge on the concept of CSCs, the relationship between CSCs and tumors,the progress in the xenograft-model studies and the factors influncing the establishment of the CSCs models.