Abstract:Objective Establish the miＲNA expression profiling under environmental carcinogens and gene mutations，to provide some new clues for further study on the mechanism of tumorgenesis． Methods Under the same condition，mice were first prepared in SHP2 + / + normal ( wild type，Wt) and SHP2D61G/ + activating mutation ( gain-offunction mutation，GOF mutation) of immortalized fibroblast cells( mouse embryonic fibroblasts，MEFs) ，acute treat MEFs cells with 0. 5 μmol /L As2 O3 48 hours，then extract the cell total ＲNA． Use the analysis of miＲNA hybridization to establish the miＲNA( microＲNA，miＲNA，miＲ) expression profiling，screening the miＲNAs which differential expression significantly，then validated by ＲT-PCＲ． Ｒesults After treated the SHP2 + / + MEFs and SHP2D61G/ + MEFs with As2 O3，dozens of miＲNAs showed differential expression． The expression of miＲNAs increase or decrease in different SHP-2 + / + MEFs or SHP-2D61G/ + MEFs when treat with As2 O3 or not，at the same time，we discovered some miＲNAs show the same change along with the As2O3 treating and SHP2D61G/ + activating mutation，such as mmu-miＲNA-100 ( down regulation) and mmu-miＲNA-1907( up regulation) ． Conclusion Gene mutation and environmental pollution can effect the miＲNAs expression profiling of MEFs significantly， these change maybe the basis of cells malignant transformation and tumourgenesis．

Abstract:Objective Establish the miＲNA expression profiling under environmental carcinogens and gene mutations，to provide some new clues for further study on the mechanism of tumorgenesis． Methods Under the same condition，mice were first prepared in SHP2 + / + normal ( wild type，Wt) and SHP2D61G/ + activating mutation ( gain-offunction mutation，GOF mutation) of immortalized fibroblast cells( mouse embryonic fibroblasts，MEFs) ，acute treat MEFs cells with 0. 5 μmol /L As2 O3 48 hours，then extract the cell total ＲNA． Use the analysis of miＲNA hybridization to establish the miＲNA( microＲNA，miＲNA，miＲ) expression profiling，screening the miＲNAs which differential expression significantly，then validated by ＲT-PCＲ． Ｒesults After treated the SHP2 + / + MEFs and SHP2D61G/ + MEFs with As2 O3，dozens of miＲNAs showed differential expression． The expression of miＲNAs increase or decrease in different SHP-2 + / + MEFs or SHP-2D61G/ + MEFs when treat with As2 O3 or not，at the same time，we discovered some miＲNAs show the same change along with the As2O3 treating and SHP2D61G/ + activating mutation，such as mmu-miＲNA-100 ( down regulation) and mmu-miＲNA-1907( up regulation) ． Conclusion Gene mutation and environmental pollution can effect the miＲNAs expression profiling of MEFs significantly， these change maybe the basis of cells malignant transformation and tumourgenesis．

Abstract:Objective To study the impact of aging on the capability of regeneration and differentiation of lung stem cells in mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis． Methods The proportion of lung stem cells in mice after bleomycin treatment was analyzed by flow cytometry． The repair capability of lung stem cells in young and old mice was examined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry． Ｒesults The ratio of lung epithelial stem cells/lung total cells and lung mesenchymal stem cells/lung total cells were significantly decreased in the aged mice． The proliferating lung stem cells/lung total cells reduced in old mice during the repair process of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis． Conclusion The repair capability of lung stem cells during bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis is decreased in aging．

Abstract:Objective To study the impact of aging on the capability of regeneration and differentiation of lung stem cells in mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis． Methods The proportion of lung stem cells in mice after bleomycin treatment was analyzed by flow cytometry． The repair capability of lung stem cells in young and old mice was examined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry． Ｒesults The ratio of lung epithelial stem cells/lung total cells and lung mesenchymal stem cells/lung total cells were significantly decreased in the aged mice． The proliferating lung stem cells/lung total cells reduced in old mice during the repair process of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis． Conclusion The repair capability of lung stem cells during bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis is decreased in aging．

Abstract:Objective To establish a spontaneous pulmonary tumor mouse model in which the K-Ｒas gene was activated by Cre /loxp recombinant enzyme system． Methods SPC-CＲE transgenic mice were generated that lowly express lung-specific Cre recombinant enzyme． The SPC-CＲE transgenic mice were mated with LSL K-ras G12D transgenic mice to produce SPC-CＲE-Kras double transgenic mice． The 4，5，7 and 9 month-old SPC-CＲE-Kras double transgenic mice were sacrificed and the lung tissues were extracted，fixed，embedded in paraffin and sliced． Hematoxylin-eosin ( HE) staining was performed and observed under light microscope． Micro-CT was used to test the pulmonary nodules of SPC-CＲE-Kras double transgenic mice． Ｒesults The SPC-CＲE-Kras double transgenic mice were generated． The expression of K-ras G12D in the SPC-CＲE-Kras double transgenic mice could be induced by the Cre /Loxp recombinant enzyme system． Mild pulmonary inflammation could be found in the 4 month-old SPC-CＲE-Kras double transgenic mice． The sporadic adenoma could be found in the lung of 5 month-old mice，with 100% of the mice developing pulmonary adenoma ( female 6 /6，male 6 /6) ． The size and progression of the adenoma is time dependent． The pulmonary nodules could be determined by microCT in the 9 month-old． Conclusions A chronic spontaneous pulmonary tumor mouse model was established by hybridization． Longer progressive period from inflammation to adenoma in this model will provide enough time for the investigation of pulmonary tumorigenesis．

Abstract:Objective To establish a spontaneous pulmonary tumor mouse model in which the K-Ｒas gene was activated by Cre /loxp recombinant enzyme system． Methods SPC-CＲE transgenic mice were generated that lowly express lung-specific Cre recombinant enzyme． The SPC-CＲE transgenic mice were mated with LSL K-ras G12D transgenic mice to produce SPC-CＲE-Kras double transgenic mice． The 4，5，7 and 9 month-old SPC-CＲE-Kras double transgenic mice were sacrificed and the lung tissues were extracted，fixed，embedded in paraffin and sliced． Hematoxylin-eosin ( HE) staining was performed and observed under light microscope． Micro-CT was used to test the pulmonary nodules of SPC-CＲE-Kras double transgenic mice． Ｒesults The SPC-CＲE-Kras double transgenic mice were generated． The expression of K-ras G12D in the SPC-CＲE-Kras double transgenic mice could be induced by the Cre /Loxp recombinant enzyme system． Mild pulmonary inflammation could be found in the 4 month-old SPC-CＲE-Kras double transgenic mice． The sporadic adenoma could be found in the lung of 5 month-old mice，with 100% of the mice developing pulmonary adenoma ( female 6 /6，male 6 /6) ． The size and progression of the adenoma is time dependent． The pulmonary nodules could be determined by microCT in the 9 month-old． Conclusions A chronic spontaneous pulmonary tumor mouse model was established by hybridization． Longer progressive period from inflammation to adenoma in this model will provide enough time for the investigation of pulmonary tumorigenesis．

Abstract:Objective Human SCAＲB2 was identified as the functional receptors of EV71 in vitro，so establish more higher infection ability transgenic mice by establishment of hunman SCAＲB2 transgenic mice in present study．Methods The transgenic vector was constructed by inserting the human SCAＲB2 gene under the CMV promoter and then were subjected to establish transgenic mice by microinjection． The genotype of transgenic line was identified by PCＲ and the expression level of target protein was detected by Western blot． Viral load in the tissues of transgenic mice was detecte by immunohistochemical staining and quantitative real-time PCＲ． Ｒesults One line of transgenic mice in C57BL/6J background with high levels of SCAＲB2 expression in skeletal muscle and brain was identified． Upon infection with EV71，the virus burden of 4 to 5 times in muscle and brain of transgenic mice were significantly higher than that of wild type mice．Conclusion hSCAＲB2 is a functional receptor of EV71 in vivo，as expression of it could promote the infection of EV71 on transgenic mice．

Abstract:Objective Human SCAＲB2 was identified as the functional receptors of EV71 in vitro，so establish more higher infection ability transgenic mice by establishment of hunman SCAＲB2 transgenic mice in present study．Methods The transgenic vector was constructed by inserting the human SCAＲB2 gene under the CMV promoter and then were subjected to establish transgenic mice by microinjection． The genotype of transgenic line was identified by PCＲ and the expression level of target protein was detected by Western blot． Viral load in the tissues of transgenic mice was detecte by immunohistochemical staining and quantitative real-time PCＲ． Ｒesults One line of transgenic mice in C57BL/6J background with high levels of SCAＲB2 expression in skeletal muscle and brain was identified． Upon infection with EV71，the virus burden of 4 to 5 times in muscle and brain of transgenic mice were significantly higher than that of wild type mice．Conclusion hSCAＲB2 is a functional receptor of EV71 in vivo，as expression of it could promote the infection of EV71 on transgenic mice．

Abstract:Objective To establish the assessment method for whitening efficacy of cosmetic materials by animal model and applications． Methods Guinea pigs were irradiate with UVB for 7 days to induce skin darkening model thereafter to assess the whitening efficacy of cosmetic materials at brown part through treatment 30 days continuously． The levels of melanin index( MI) and erythemin index( EI) were analysed by Maxmeter MX18． The skin tissues were stripped， paraformaldehyde fixed and paraffin sections following the animal euthanasia． The morphological observed and image analysis were detected following Dopamine or Fontana -Masson histochemical staining． Ｒesults The MI index of skin and melanin granular in the section of guinea pig were increased significantly after UVB radiation． Following the resveratrol—arbutin blend treatment，it was showed that MI index were decreased，the melanin granular significantly inhibit by dopamine positive staining and Fontan-Masson positive staining distribution in the epidermal were decreased obviously．Conclusions The skin biophysics detecting combine histochemical staining and image analysis through UV induced skin darkening animal model，which could be used for the assessment of whitening efficacy of cosmetic materials and mechanism research of melanogenesis．

Abstract:Objective To establish the assessment method for whitening efficacy of cosmetic materials by animal model and applications． Methods Guinea pigs were irradiate with UVB for 7 days to induce skin darkening model thereafter to assess the whitening efficacy of cosmetic materials at brown part through treatment 30 days continuously． The levels of melanin index( MI) and erythemin index( EI) were analysed by Maxmeter MX18． The skin tissues were stripped， paraformaldehyde fixed and paraffin sections following the animal euthanasia． The morphological observed and image analysis were detected following Dopamine or Fontana -Masson histochemical staining． Ｒesults The MI index of skin and melanin granular in the section of guinea pig were increased significantly after UVB radiation． Following the resveratrol—arbutin blend treatment，it was showed that MI index were decreased，the melanin granular significantly inhibit by dopamine positive staining and Fontan-Masson positive staining distribution in the epidermal were decreased obviously．Conclusions The skin biophysics detecting combine histochemical staining and image analysis through UV induced skin darkening animal model，which could be used for the assessment of whitening efficacy of cosmetic materials and mechanism research of melanogenesis．

Abstract:Objective Karber’s method was applied to test the median lethal dose ( LD50 ) of Spiropreussione A in KM mice by intraperitoneal injection． Methods KM mice which half is male and another half is female were used to measure 100% lethal dose by Sequential method first，the rest was divided into 5 groups randomly． The ratio of high dose group and low dose group is set up as 1. 25 ( or 0. 8) ． Then the KM mice were administered Spiropreussione A at different dosages through intraperitoneal injection． Toxicity symptoms and times of death of the mice were recorded，and LD50 of Spiropreussione A on mice was calculated． Ｒesults Different degrees of peritoneal irritation were observed in each group and it was more significant in female than male． The peritoneal irritation disappeared after 30 min． The LD50 of Spiropreussione A was 5. 35mg /kg，95% confidence interval was ( 4. 69 ～ 6. 11) mg /kg． Conclusion This experiment showed that the LD50 of Spiropreussione A is 5. 35 mg /kg and the mortality is dose-dependent．

Abstract:Objective Karber’s method was applied to test the median lethal dose ( LD50 ) of Spiropreussione A in KM mice by intraperitoneal injection． Methods KM mice which half is male and another half is female were used to measure 100% lethal dose by Sequential method first，the rest was divided into 5 groups randomly． The ratio of high dose group and low dose group is set up as 1. 25 ( or 0. 8) ． Then the KM mice were administered Spiropreussione A at different dosages through intraperitoneal injection． Toxicity symptoms and times of death of the mice were recorded，and LD50 of Spiropreussione A on mice was calculated． Ｒesults Different degrees of peritoneal irritation were observed in each group and it was more significant in female than male． The peritoneal irritation disappeared after 30 min． The LD50 of Spiropreussione A was 5. 35mg /kg，95% confidence interval was ( 4. 69 ～ 6. 11) mg /kg． Conclusion This experiment showed that the LD50 of Spiropreussione A is 5. 35 mg /kg and the mortality is dose-dependent．

Abstract:Objective To improve the rat model of diffuse brain injury and establish a simple and practical animal model to study closed diffuse brain injury． Methods The marmarou-brain injury model was improved． The morphological changes of brain injury was detected by routine histochemical and silver staining． Ｒesults In the improved rat model diffuse heamorrhage were observed． Which included bleeding，swelling of nerve cells，glial cells eosinophilic change，loose brain tissue，nerve cell degeneration and necrosis，perineural phenomenon． Conclusions The improved marmarou-rat model could be used to study closed diffuse brain injury．

Abstract:Objective To improve the rat model of diffuse brain injury and establish a simple and practical animal model to study closed diffuse brain injury． Methods The marmarou-brain injury model was improved． The morphological changes of brain injury was detected by routine histochemical and silver staining． Ｒesults In the improved rat model diffuse heamorrhage were observed． Which included bleeding，swelling of nerve cells，glial cells eosinophilic change，loose brain tissue，nerve cell degeneration and necrosis，perineural phenomenon． Conclusions The improved marmarou-rat model could be used to study closed diffuse brain injury．

Abstract:Objective To establish a new catheterization of the spinal subarachnoid space in rats and to compare the difference between different types of intrathecal catheterization，which can be used for the research on neurophysiology and pain treatment． Methods ninty male SD rats weighing 200 － 250g were randomly divided into three groups with thirty animals in each group: Yaksh group，atlas and axis group ( AA group) and lumbar group ( L group) ． After the models were established，we observed the percentage of death and paralysis of limbs and body weight changes; we also measured paw withdrawal threshold ( PWT) ，tail flick latency and analgesic effect of morphine． Ｒesults The percentage of death and paralysis of limbs in AA group and L group were obviously lower than Yaksh group，and the weight recovered faster than Yaksh group． Within 7 days of catheterization，PWT and the tail flick latency of AA group was closest to baseline． Morphine analgesic experiment showed there was no difference among the three groups． Conclusion The atlantoaxial catheterization model of the spinal subarachnoid space is characterized by its higher duplicability and less injury，which was a good intrathecal catheterization model．

Abstract:Objective To establish a new catheterization of the spinal subarachnoid space in rats and to compare the difference between different types of intrathecal catheterization，which can be used for the research on neurophysiology and pain treatment． Methods ninty male SD rats weighing 200 － 250g were randomly divided into three groups with thirty animals in each group: Yaksh group，atlas and axis group ( AA group) and lumbar group ( L group) ． After the models were established，we observed the percentage of death and paralysis of limbs and body weight changes; we also measured paw withdrawal threshold ( PWT) ，tail flick latency and analgesic effect of morphine． Ｒesults The percentage of death and paralysis of limbs in AA group and L group were obviously lower than Yaksh group，and the weight recovered faster than Yaksh group． Within 7 days of catheterization，PWT and the tail flick latency of AA group was closest to baseline． Morphine analgesic experiment showed there was no difference among the three groups． Conclusion The atlantoaxial catheterization model of the spinal subarachnoid space is characterized by its higher duplicability and less injury，which was a good intrathecal catheterization model．

Abstract:Objective To establish a real-time fluorescent quantitative ＲT-PCＲ assay to detect tree threw ( tupaiabelangeri) IL-2． Methods Total ＲNA was isolated from Con A-stimulated tree shrews' spleen lymphocytes． The conservative encoding sequence of interleukin-2 ( IL-2) was amplified by ＲT-PCＲ，and successfully cloned into pMD-19T vector． The established IL-2 gene vector was used as standard substance and the standard curves were established for the sensitivity evaluation． Ｒesults A real-time fluorescence quantitative method of fast，sensitive and reliable detection system was set up． The sensitivity of this method for creating IL-2 gene of tree shrew was 102 ～ 109copies． Conclusions A realtime fluorescence quantitative method of tree shrew IL-2 was successfully established． This sensitive method can serve as a molecular foundation for the study of IL-2 and its role in many clinical diseases．

Abstract:Objective To establish a real-time fluorescent quantitative ＲT-PCＲ assay to detect tree threw ( tupaiabelangeri) IL-2． Methods Total ＲNA was isolated from Con A-stimulated tree shrews' spleen lymphocytes． The conservative encoding sequence of interleukin-2 ( IL-2) was amplified by ＲT-PCＲ，and successfully cloned into pMD-19T vector． The established IL-2 gene vector was used as standard substance and the standard curves were established for the sensitivity evaluation． Ｒesults A real-time fluorescence quantitative method of fast，sensitive and reliable detection system was set up． The sensitivity of this method for creating IL-2 gene of tree shrew was 102 ～ 109copies． Conclusions A realtime fluorescence quantitative method of tree shrew IL-2 was successfully established． This sensitive method can serve as a molecular foundation for the study of IL-2 and its role in many clinical diseases．

Abstract:Objective To establish a method of ovarian heterotopically transplantation in KM，ICＲ，BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice． Methods the ovaries were used as donor from 10d，20d and 4w of KM，ICＲ，BALB/C and C57BL/6J mice，and were grafted to the 4w accepters of same strains． All accepters were bred about 4-week-old，then mated with the same strain male mice to identify the reproductive capacity of the donors． Ｒesults the grafted ovaries could be restored reproduction，and gotten the normal pups when mated with same strain males． Conclusion It is feasible that ovarian heterotopically transplantation in the same mouse strains of different age phases．

Abstract:Objective To establish a method of ovarian heterotopically transplantation in KM，ICＲ，BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice． Methods the ovaries were used as donor from 10d，20d and 4w of KM，ICＲ，BALB/C and C57BL/6J mice，and were grafted to the 4w accepters of same strains． All accepters were bred about 4-week-old，then mated with the same strain male mice to identify the reproductive capacity of the donors． Ｒesults the grafted ovaries could be restored reproduction，and gotten the normal pups when mated with same strain males． Conclusion It is feasible that ovarian heterotopically transplantation in the same mouse strains of different age phases．

Abstract:Objective To develop a ＲT-PCＲ method for determination of Encephalomyocarditis virus ( EMCV) in Mongolian gerbils and Laboratory mice． Methods The primers were designed and synthesised according to the published EMCV specific sequences of VP1 gene． ＲT - PCＲ method is established，carries on the specificity，sensitivity，stability test． The method is used to detected 62 Mongolian gerbils and 12 mice． Ｒesults The developed ＲT-PCＲ method is good in specificity，ensitivity，stability; and its minimum detection limit using the recombinant plasmid containing EMCV gene as atemplate was 4. 1pg /μL，and the lowest detection virus titer is 10 － 7 ml－ 1． The 62 Mongolian gerbils after ＲT - PCＲdetection were negative; The 12 mice after ＲT -PCＲ detection，there were one EMCV positive，compared with the EMCV in Genebank，The homologies in nucleotide sequence of one positive mice is 85% ; there were 5 mice can be detected EMCV in the body of the 6 mice by artificial infection EMCV． Conclusion The developed ＲT-PCＲ method is good in specificity，ensitivity，stability，can be used in detecting the EMCV in laboratory animal，such as Mongolian gerbils andmice．

Abstract:Objective To develop a ＲT-PCＲ method for determination of Encephalomyocarditis virus ( EMCV) in Mongolian gerbils and Laboratory mice． Methods The primers were designed and synthesised according to the published EMCV specific sequences of VP1 gene． ＲT - PCＲ method is established，carries on the specificity，sensitivity，stability test． The method is used to detected 62 Mongolian gerbils and 12 mice． Ｒesults The developed ＲT-PCＲ method is good in specificity，ensitivity，stability; and its minimum detection limit using the recombinant plasmid containing EMCV gene as atemplate was 4. 1pg /μL，and the lowest detection virus titer is 10 － 7 ml－ 1． The 62 Mongolian gerbils after ＲT - PCＲdetection were negative; The 12 mice after ＲT -PCＲ detection，there were one EMCV positive，compared with the EMCV in Genebank，The homologies in nucleotide sequence of one positive mice is 85% ; there were 5 mice can be detected EMCV in the body of the 6 mice by artificial infection EMCV． Conclusion The developed ＲT-PCＲ method is good in specificity，ensitivity，stability，can be used in detecting the EMCV in laboratory animal，such as Mongolian gerbils andmice．

Abstract:Objective To study decontamination technique of caesarean section among flagellates infected transgenic mice，and to establish specific pathogen-free ( SPF) mice strain in order to provide technical support for establishment of flagellates-eradication methods of genetically engineered mice． Methods APPswe /PS1dE9 transgenic mice ( APP mice) were used to conduct this research． Caesarean section was taken on pregnant APP mice to get pups under a SPF barrier environment，and the pups were transferred to female SPF Parkinson's Disease transgenic mice which served as a foster mother． Survival rates of pups were calculated in 7 days of age and after weaning． Pathogens were tested in the first month，and later，every 3 months since Caesarean sections． APPswe gene of APP mice was amplified by polymerase chain reaction ( PCＲ) for genotyping． Average gene positive rate was calculated among the pups and their offspring ( F1) ，and one sample t test was conducted to compare the average gene positive rate with the theoretical Mendelian segregation ratio ( 50% ) ． Ｒesults We performed 11 Caesarean sections on APP pregnant mice，and a total of 75 pups were collected and transferred to a foster mother． Survival rate of the pups after 7 days and weaning was 90. 67% ( 68 /75) and 73. 33%( 55 /75) ，respectively． Pathogens tested before decontamination showed flagellates infection among APP mice was 100% ( 5 /5) ，but after decontamination，all the pathogens required for SPF all show negative results． The average APPswe gene positive rate of the dams in APP mice after decontamination was 48. 3% ，which was in accordance with the Mendelian segregation ratio ( P ＞ 0. 05) ． Conclusion We had successfully eradicated flagellates from the APP mice by caesarean section and a foster mother technique with stable hereditary feature of APPswe gene．

Abstract:Objective To study decontamination technique of caesarean section among flagellates infected transgenic mice，and to establish specific pathogen-free ( SPF) mice strain in order to provide technical support for establishment of flagellates-eradication methods of genetically engineered mice． Methods APPswe /PS1dE9 transgenic mice ( APP mice) were used to conduct this research． Caesarean section was taken on pregnant APP mice to get pups under a SPF barrier environment，and the pups were transferred to female SPF Parkinson's Disease transgenic mice which served as a foster mother． Survival rates of pups were calculated in 7 days of age and after weaning． Pathogens were tested in the first month，and later，every 3 months since Caesarean sections． APPswe gene of APP mice was amplified by polymerase chain reaction ( PCＲ) for genotyping． Average gene positive rate was calculated among the pups and their offspring ( F1) ，and one sample t test was conducted to compare the average gene positive rate with the theoretical Mendelian segregation ratio ( 50% ) ． Ｒesults We performed 11 Caesarean sections on APP pregnant mice，and a total of 75 pups were collected and transferred to a foster mother． Survival rate of the pups after 7 days and weaning was 90. 67% ( 68 /75) and 73. 33%( 55 /75) ，respectively． Pathogens tested before decontamination showed flagellates infection among APP mice was 100% ( 5 /5) ，but after decontamination，all the pathogens required for SPF all show negative results． The average APPswe gene positive rate of the dams in APP mice after decontamination was 48. 3% ，which was in accordance with the Mendelian segregation ratio ( P ＞ 0. 05) ． Conclusion We had successfully eradicated flagellates from the APP mice by caesarean section and a foster mother technique with stable hereditary feature of APPswe gene．

Abstract:Obeject recognition task ( OＲT) is a widely used behavioural test with several distinctive characteristics for assessment of the memory functions in rodents． Currently，few publications specifically characterizing the test in OＲT were found，although OＲT has received much attention from researchers in China． Consenquently，this paper was to review the method of OＲT in rats．

Abstract:Obeject recognition task ( OＲT) is a widely used behavioural test with several distinctive characteristics for assessment of the memory functions in rodents． Currently，few publications specifically characterizing the test in OＲT were found，although OＲT has received much attention from researchers in China． Consenquently，this paper was to review the method of OＲT in rats．

Abstract:Mongolian gerbil ( Meriones unguiculatus) has many specific biological characteristics and is permissive to several infections，and has been widely used for infectious diseases models in studies on infectious of viral，bacterial and parasitic． In this article，we briefly introduce the application of gerbils in the infection of microorganisms and parasites forthe past few years．

Abstract:Mongolian gerbil ( Meriones unguiculatus) has many specific biological characteristics and is permissive to several infections，and has been widely used for infectious diseases models in studies on infectious of viral，bacterial and parasitic． In this article，we briefly introduce the application of gerbils in the infection of microorganisms and parasites forthe past few years．

Abstract:Whether animal experiments can proceed( progress) smoothly is closely related to the quality of the laboratory animals． It is required by our country that the SPF level laboratory mice must be excluded from 11 kinds of virus，nevertheless，the microorganism carried by the themselves can still interfere the result of the experiments． Murine Norovirus was isolated from the accidental died mice，which can induce inflammation and even death in the immunodeficient mice． The reports on murine norovirus virus are still relatively infrequent in domestic，understanding of it's pathogenicity and the influence on the experiment is still not entirely clear． In this paper，we will mainly introduce the discovery，hazards，detection and pathogen features of the Murine Norovirus，then give advices so that we can understand MNV and control the spread of the virus better．

Abstract:Whether animal experiments can proceed( progress) smoothly is closely related to the quality of the laboratory animals． It is required by our country that the SPF level laboratory mice must be excluded from 11 kinds of virus，nevertheless，the microorganism carried by the themselves can still interfere the result of the experiments． Murine Norovirus was isolated from the accidental died mice，which can induce inflammation and even death in the immunodeficient mice． The reports on murine norovirus virus are still relatively infrequent in domestic，understanding of it's pathogenicity and the influence on the experiment is still not entirely clear． In this paper，we will mainly introduce the discovery，hazards，detection and pathogen features of the Murine Norovirus，then give advices so that we can understand MNV and control the spread of the virus better．

Abstract:Object To study the concentration of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride in anesthetizing ostriches，and to evaluate the management of peroperative period． Methods 7 cases of ostriches were performed combined anesthesia to make femur head necrosis model． Xylazine hydrochloride 400 mg and ketamine hydrochloride 2 000 mg was administrated as basic dose，and 100 mg at a time was added as anesthesia induction． The dose of anesthesia induction，anesthesia excellence time，anesthesia maintaining time，time of palinesthesia，time of complete palinesthesia were evaluated． we also detect the respiration rate，heart rate，adverse reaction ( vomiting，salivation，restlessness) during surgery． Use nikethamide to palinesthesia after surgery． Ｒesults 7 cases of ostriches were anesthetizd by xylazine hydrochloride ( with concentration of ( 7. 83 ± 0. 32) mg /kg) and ketamine hydrochloride ( with concentration of ( 29. 03 ± 2. 42) mg /kg) respectively． The average anesthesia excellence time was ( 7. 85 ± 1. 34) min，The average anesthesia maintaining time was: ( 130. 00 ± 18. 25) min． The respiration rate and heart rate are normal during surgery． 1 cases suffered vomiting and 1 cases suffered salivation，3 cases got restlessness． All the ostriches got palinesthesia finally without incidence． Conclusion ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride are convenient method in anesthetizing ostriches，and the station of anesthesia can last a long time．

Abstract:Object To study the concentration of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride in anesthetizing ostriches，and to evaluate the management of peroperative period． Methods 7 cases of ostriches were performed combined anesthesia to make femur head necrosis model． Xylazine hydrochloride 400 mg and ketamine hydrochloride 2 000 mg was administrated as basic dose，and 100 mg at a time was added as anesthesia induction． The dose of anesthesia induction，anesthesia excellence time，anesthesia maintaining time，time of palinesthesia，time of complete palinesthesia were evaluated． we also detect the respiration rate，heart rate，adverse reaction ( vomiting，salivation，restlessness) during surgery． Use nikethamide to palinesthesia after surgery． Ｒesults 7 cases of ostriches were anesthetizd by xylazine hydrochloride ( with concentration of ( 7. 83 ± 0. 32) mg /kg) and ketamine hydrochloride ( with concentration of ( 29. 03 ± 2. 42) mg /kg) respectively． The average anesthesia excellence time was ( 7. 85 ± 1. 34) min，The average anesthesia maintaining time was: ( 130. 00 ± 18. 25) min． The respiration rate and heart rate are normal during surgery． 1 cases suffered vomiting and 1 cases suffered salivation，3 cases got restlessness． All the ostriches got palinesthesia finally without incidence． Conclusion ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride are convenient method in anesthetizing ostriches，and the station of anesthesia can last a long time．

Abstract:Safe handling of animal carcasses is an important part of ensuring laboratory safety during work in the high level of bio-safety laboratory． International methods to handled laboratory animal carcasses include incineration，basic hydrolysis，reverse polymerization and rendering． Detailed description of animal carcasses processing technology which is more suited to China's national conditions are introduced in the article． Discussions are also focused on issues should be noted during domestic research of laboratory animal carcasses treatment process recently．

Abstract:Safe handling of animal carcasses is an important part of ensuring laboratory safety during work in the high level of bio-safety laboratory． International methods to handled laboratory animal carcasses include incineration，basic hydrolysis，reverse polymerization and rendering． Detailed description of animal carcasses processing technology which is more suited to China's national conditions are introduced in the article． Discussions are also focused on issues should be noted during domestic research of laboratory animal carcasses treatment process recently．