Abstract:Objective To understand the fat cells morphological changes during different periods under cold acclimation in tree shrews, whether the cold acclimation can induce cream-colored fat cells in white adipose tissue(beige adipocytes), and provide morphological basis.Methods The Hematoxylin-Eosin staining sections, Immunohistochemical staining sections and Immunofluorescence staining sections are compared.Results With the prolonged cold acclimation, the white fat cells and brown fat cells are decreased significantly, and the uncoupling protein1 expression in brown adipose tissues are increased. At the same time, abdominal subcutaneous white adipose tissue may have occurred browning, produce some shallow brown fat cells with UCP1 expression, namely the beige fat cells.Conclusions Different staining sections not only can clearly observe the morphological changes of fat cells, but also observe UCP1 from antibody positive color expression changes, and provide basic materials for the study of the adipose tissues in tree shrews.

Abstract:Objective Morphological observation and gene analysis identification to the strain of flagellate in tree shrews.Methods The tree shrews ileocecal contents and feces by filtering centrifugal were observed microscopically direct smear and iodine staining, the total DNA extracted by the traditional method, the 18S rRNA of flagellate was amplified by PCR, then sequenced. Taking homology analysis by the BLAST, and developing the phylogenetic tree using MEGA5.1.Results Morphological observation showed that flagellate in tree shrews was tritrichomonas. Sequencing analysis indicated that homology of 18s ribosomal RNA between tree shrews giardia and the reported tritrichomonas fetus 18S ribosomal RNA(AY754332.1) was as high as 99%. Conclusion Tree shrews can affect tritrichomonas fetus and the results provide the basis for parasitology quality control of tree shrews.

Abstract:Objective To explore the differences of the membrane pressure about goat paranasal sinus membrane, and analyze the reasons that may cause these. The discussion can provide the theoretical basis and guidance for the issues of the maxillary sinus floor augmentation related to the membrane.Methods The membrane was cut into desired size from every sinus membrane. The pressure data could be measured byusing the push-pull gauge and the homemade fixtures. A paired t-test was used to determine the relationships between the parameters, P<0.05 were accepted as statistically significant.Results The membrane pressure of the top of maxillary sinus was 260.08±80.12 Kpa, the bottom was 306.90±94.37 Kpa, the frontal sinus membrane was 121.72±31.72 Kpa. The mean differences of membrane pressure between the top of maxillary sinus and the frontal sinus, the bottom and the frontal, the top and the bottom were statistically significant(P<0.05). The membrane pressure of the top of maxillary sinus was bigger than the frontal sinus membrane, The membrane pressure of the bottom of maxillary sinus was bigger than the frontal sinus membrane, The membrane pressure of bottom of maxillary sinus was bigger than the top.Conclusions The membrane pressure among the frontal sinus, the top of maxillary sinus, and the bottom of maxillary sinus were different, and increased in turn.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the pathogenic dermal fungi in tree shrews from the center of germplasm resources, to provide the basic data for the experimental tree shrews' microbiological quality control.Methods 79 samples obtained from tree shrews were inoculated on Sabouraud's platiculture and slant cultivation,51 of which are from the wild origin and 28 from artificial feeding F1 generation, and they were subjected to microscope observation. Then extracted DNA with traditional methods. Amplify the ITS gene by PCR. Finally sequencing by blast of nucleotide homology analysis.Results 9 samples of the wild tree shrews turned into growing fungus, and so as 3 of the F1 generation. The carrying rate are 15.69% and 10.71% respectively. All fungi were found to be non-pathogenic followed BLAST. Conclusion The carrying rate of dermatophyte in artificial feeding of tree shrews is very low, and which decreased with the increasing breeding generation. Pathogenic dermal fungi has not been found.

Abstract:Objective To study quail high uric acid hematic disease animal model and lipid metabolism.Methods Quail were used high fat feed after thirty days, gastric gavage adenine(50 mg/only)seven days in a row. Quail high uric acid hematic disease animal model was set up.Observed in twenty-two days,blood was tested blood uric acid,xanthine oxidase, creatinine(CRE),urea nitrogen(BUN),triglycerides(TG),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c), hight densitry lipoproteon(HDL),xanthine oxidase(XOD),hepatic lipase(HL),lipoprotein lipase(LPL),adenosine dehydrogenase(ADA)lipid metabolism index,joints and kidneys for histopathological examination.Results Model control group animals blood uric acid were significantly increased(P<0.01), CRE,BUN,TG, LDL and XOD were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01), serum CHO、LPL、ADA、HDL content significantly decreased(P<0.05).Animal toes jointed obvious swollen after building, surrounding soft tissue swelling. X-ray showed toes bone density decrease, part of the joint surface damage is dissolved bony destruction. Pathological examination showed joint synovial hyperplasia, there was a lot of inflammatory cells infiltration, part is replaced by fibrous connective tissue, Kidney tissue renal tubule and interstitial visibled urate crystals, part of the tubular mild expansion,renal interstitial fibers hyperplasia, accompanied by a large number of inflammatory cells infiltration. Conclusion The model has swollen joints, kidney urate deposition kidney injury associated with lipid metabolism disorders, pathological mechanisms and XOD increased ADA.

Abstract:Objective To establish formaldehyde-induced sinoatrial node damage model in rabbit.Methods 40% formaldehyde were used to damage the sinoatrial node area of rabbits. The parameters including heart rate, sinoatrial conduction time, sinus node recovery time, and the corrected sinus node recovery time were measured after formaldehyde-indeced damage. The diferences of the methods, degrees and duration of formaldehyde-indeced damage were compared, and the reabilities of models were confirmed by positive control drug in the experiments.Results(1) Damage method:In formaldehyde wet compressing method, the damage degree can be controled by regulating the compressing timing and area. Comparing to the former, the less injuries was caused and the damage degree could be controlled by regulating the drip speed of formaldehyde in the formaldehyde drip method; but it tends to injure the surrounding tissue of the sinus node.(2) Damage degree and mantainance of the model:the damages only maintained less than 7 days, when the percentage of heart rate decreased less than 30% of basic heart rate, and its lasted more than 70 days, when the percentage of heart rate decreased to 30%~60% of basic heart rate, but the heart rate decreased more than 60% of basic heart rate would lead to higher death rate.(3) Verification of positive drugs:both atropine and xinbao pill could increase the heart rates of sinoatrial node damage model, and improve the sinus function.Conclusions Formaldehyde wet compressing method has more reabilites than formaldehyde drip method, and the percentage decreased in heart rate of damage degree should be controlled between 30% to 60% of basic heart rate, so that the duration of models are longer, and the death rates are lower.

Abstract:Objective To study the expression of NF-κB in rats' liver after welfare impaired by restraint stress.Methods SD rats, ±170 g, male and female half, welfare were impaired by restraint stress. Body weight gain and food consumption were recorded throughout the study, mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB p65 in liver were detected after the study finished by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting.Results Compared with the control group(group C), the body weight gain and food efficiency ratio(FER) of restraint group(group R) were decreased(P<0.01), but mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB p65 were much higher(P<0.01). Compared with female, mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB p65 of male rats were much higher in group R(P<0.01), but showed no significant difference in group C(P>0.05). Conclusion After welfare impaired, the expression of NF-κB in rats' liver are much higher than before. It shows that NF-κB has effects during the process of welfare being impaired.

Abstract:Objective To study the impaired-welfare induced by routine experimental procedures on mice and the effect of music intervention.Methods 3week male ICR mice were divided into 9 groups. The experimental groups were treated by several experimental operations including restraint(E-r), intragastric injection(E-g), intraperitoneal injection(E-p) and orbital venous sampling(E-o). The music intervention groups were given 1 hour music intervention after the same experimental operation(M-r,M-g,M-p,M-o).After 7 days of continuous treatment, the main neuroendocrine, immune, biochemical parameters, body weight and food efficiency ratio(FER) were measured.Results ①Compared with the untreated group, the body weight gain and FER were significantly decreased in such four experimental groups; TG,HDL-C, WBC,IL-2, β-EP, spleen index and thymus index were significantly decreased in the E-r group, in addition, CORT、ACTH and EPI were significantly increased;TG, WBC, IL-2 and β-EP were significantly decreased in the E-g group, and CORT, ACTH, EPI were significantly increased; IL-2was significantly decreased in the E-p group, and CORT, ACTH, EPI were significantly increased; The spleen index and WBC were significantly decreased in E-o group, and CORT was significantly increased. ②Compared with the experimental groups, the body weight gain, FER, spleen index, IL-2 were significantly increased in the M-r group, and CHOL, CORT, ACTH, β-EP were significantly decreased; WBC was significantly increased in the M-g group, and CORT was significantly decreased; WBC was significantly decreased in the M-p group; FER was significantly increased in the M-o group. Conclusion The four routine experimental procedures cause strong stress response in mice, and lead to health and welfare impaired.However, music intervention played an important role in stress injury improvement.

Abstract:Objective To determine and compare the parameters of blood, heart rate, carotid artery pressure, ventricular pressure and organ indexes of male and female FMMU albino guinea-pig.Methods A total of 30 guinea-pig about 250~350 g weight were fed for a week, then blood physiological and biochemical index, blood gas and carotid artery pressure were determined, ventricular pressure were measured by arterial catheterization and heart rate were measured on the respiratory support condition. Finally,weight of guinea-pig body and main organ were weighed. Result The difference of platelet count, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase,total bilirubin and lactic acid were significant(P<0.05 or P<0.01). The difference of carotid diastolic blood pressure and mean blood pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure and mean pressure were totally significant(P<0.05 or P<0.01). And there were no significant differences in weight and organ coefficient of main organs. Conclusion There were differences in blood physiology and biochemistry, blood gas, carotid artery pressure and ventricular pressure in different gender of the ordinary grade FMMU albino guinea-pig.

Abstract:Objective To study the anti-tumor and immune effects of FZHJF on H22 liver cancer-bearing mice.Methods The H22 transplanted mouse models were established and randomly divided into five groups:model group,low-,medium-and high-dose FZHJF(4.55,13.65,40.95g/kg)and 5-Fu groups(0.2mL/10g).12 days after treatment,the tumor inhibitory rate,liver index,thymus index,spleen index were calculated.At the same time,the appearance of liver tumor and tumor pathology in different groups was analyzed.Results Pathology results confirmed the tumors were hepatocelluar carcinoma.Tumor weight in FZHJF groups were lower than those of the model group(P<0.05);the tumor inhibitory rate increased with the dosage,and the tumor inhibitory rate in high dose group(49.02%)closed to 5-Fu group(51.51%);the results of tumor appearance showed that the tumor volume have the trend of reduce gradually,and is smaller than the control group.Thymus index and spleen index in FZHJF groups were markedly higher than those of the model and 5-FU groups(P<0.05).Conclusion FZHJF has significant anti-tumor effect on transplanted H22 tumor in mice and has the function of immunological enhancement,and these results will provide theoretical foundation for clinical practice of FZHJF.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the effect of porous gradient composites with hydroxyapatite(HA)/zirconia(ZrO₂) in repair of lumbar vertebra body defects of dogs.Methods(1) New porous gradient HA/ZrO₂ bio-composites were prepared using Foam impregnation, gradient compound and high temperature sintering;(2) A total of 18 adult Beagle dogs, weighted 10~13 kg and aged 5~8 months, were assigned randomly into two subgroups and were implanted with new porous gradient HA/ZrO₂ bio-composites(subgroup A in 12) and autologous iliac bone(subgroup B in 6);(3) The relative data was analyzed on roentgenoscopy, mophology and biomechanics of post-operation. The effect was compared between the subgroup A and the subgroup Bto repair the vertebral body defect.Results The porocity of new porous gradient HA/ZrO₂ bio-composites is 25 ppi(pores per inch), and the pores are well distributed with diameter of 100~300μm. The roentgenoscopy of post-operation displayed that new-bone formation is increased gradually, and the interface between bio-composite and host-bone becomes blur, and the new-bone around the bio-composite integrated into host-bone at 24 weeks of post-operation in subgroup A. As to subgroup B, the resorption and restructure were found at 6 weeks after the surgery, and the graft-bone and host-bone have integrated completely without obvious boundary at 24 weeks of post-operation. Histomorphology study showed that the amount of bone within pores of the scaffold material increased with a prolonged postoperative, and that partial bio-composite was degradated and replaced by new host-bone. There was no significant difference between the two subgroups(P>0.05) in the maximum compressive strengths of biomachanics test.Conclusions New porous gradient HA/ZrO₂ bio-composites can induce bone tissue to grow into the pores, and promote the repair of cancellous bone defect, which may be applied widely to the treatment of cancellous bone defect in the future.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the alteration of contractile and relaxant responses of the isolated gastric smooth muscle in early type 1 diabetic rats.Methods Male SD rats were administrated 65 mg/kg sterptozocin(STZ) by intraperitoneal injection. Using the method of organ bath, contractile and relaxant responses were induced by electric field stimulation(EFS) and agonists on gastric smooth muscle in rats, we observe the alterations of contractile and relaxant responses of the gastric smooth muscle in early type 1 diabetic rats.Results(1) In type 1 diabetic rats, the contractile responses were decreased, and the contractile amplitudes were disordered significantly, compared with that of in normal rats(P<0.05);(2) There were no differences in the EFS-induced contractions on gastric body smooth muscle and the spontaneous contractions on gastric antrum in normal rats and type 1 diabetic rats;(3) Compared with normal rats, both the relaxations on gastric fundus smooth muscle, and the contractions on pylorus circular muscle were increased in type 1 diabetic rats(P<0.01).Conclusions Based on the changes of contractile and relaxant responses on gastric smooth muscle in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic 4 weeks rats, the damages of gastric fundus and pylorus seem to occur first, and the alterations of neuromodulation are main reason, which affects the contractile and relaxant functions of gastric smooth muscle in early type 1 diabetic rats.

Abstract:Objective To observate the reproductive features of wide original Marmota himalayana,and explore an optimum method that is economical, practical and on a large scale to raising Marmota himalayana baby.Methods Provided suitable environment and conditions for feeding and management,entirely artificial feeding and care by mother. More data were collected and statistics from the pregnancy rate,each litter size,survival rate and observation the growth of young Marmota himalayana.Results In 2010,92Marmota himalayana offspring(F1 generation)have been successfully weaned from 56 couples and the survival rate of natural reproduction was 90.8 percent.Now breeding population had been established with 50 couples of wild original Marmota himalayana and 20 couples of F1 generation,which have laid the foundation for reaching standard requirements. Conclusion This method was one of higher reproductive and survival rate,low cost and simple to operate, it should be promoted to scale produce the Marmota himalayana as laboratory animals.

Abstract:The Himalayan marmot is unique wildlife resources of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, because of its biological characteristics is widely used in biomedical research. According to the biological characteristics of the Himalayan marmot and quality control standards of laboratory animals, it was domesticated on the continuous research. This paper reviews research progress in recent years, to improve the understanding of the Himalayan marmot and promote its basic and applied research, let it become a laboratory animals recently.

Abstract:The kynurenine pathway, a major route of tryptophan metabolism, is involved in the occurrence and development of some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease, Alzhermier's disease and Parkinson's disease. This article is focused on the literature review on the neurobiological properties of kynurenine pathway metabolites and their crucial role in related neurodegenerative diseases, for providing novel therapeutic interventions to neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract:OPG/RANK/RANKL system is an important signaling pathway in regulating bone metabolism, which plays key role in maintaining bone homeostasis. This paper focus on characteristic and regulation mechanism of OPG/RANK/RANKL system, and its current utility in the areas of bone metabolism diseases, pharmacodynamic and nutrient facts assessment. Furthermore, the prospect of OPG/RANK/RANK system in assessing nutrient requirement for bone development in laboratory animal was elaborated.

Abstract:HIV/SIV invade the central nervous system, causing severe nerve pathological changes and AIDS related neural cognitive dysfunction(HAND). While effectively combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy, the incidence of HAND in the infected is still high. It is universally accepted that HIV/SIV could penetrate BBB(blood brain barrier) invading CNS in the early stage of infection through infecting brain capillary endothelial cells or just destroying the tight junction between the endothelial cells(ECs), however the mechanism of HIV/SIV invading BBB is unclear. There are several more renowned hypotheses towards HIV/SIV invading CNS, including virus directly infecting ECs hypothesis, monocyte/macrophage invasion hypothesis, T cells induced penetrating BBB hypothesis, and the hypothesis of liquid phase into ECs. This article will elucidate molecular mechanisms of HIV/SIV invading BBB.

Abstract:Transportation is essential in laboratory animal field. If control is improperly, stress occurs to the laboratory animal in terms of loading and unloading, density, transporting duration, fasting, handle cages and temperature, etc. during transportation. This article elaborates laws and regulations on animal transportation both domestically and oversea, discusses the factors that cause stress to laboratory animals during transportation, summarizes measures and methods to minimize the stress to lab animals in transportation.