Abstract:Objective To stimulate a human monocytic cell line THP-1 cells to differentiate into M1, M2 macrophages and dendritic (DC) cells by optimization of different methods, and lay the foundation for the study of M1, M2 and DC cell models in vitro. Methods THP-1 cells were stimulated by PMA and GM-CSF/M-CSF, respectively. Then, they were induced to differentiate into M1, M2 macrophages and DC cells by adding different cytokines, such as LPS, IL-6 and IFN-γ for M1 macrophages, IL-4, IL-13 and IL-6 for M2 macrophages, and IL-4 for DCs. Subsequently, the morphology of cells was observed and the expression of cell surface (CD) molecules was detected by flow cytometry. Results After stimulation with the two methods, the trends of CD molecules expression were basically the same. The expression of CD80 and CD86 on the THP-1-M1 cells were increased significantly, and CD163 and CD209 were highly expressed on the THP-1-M2 cells. For THP-1-DC cells, the expression of CD14 was significantly decreased, while the expression of CD80, CD86 and CD11c increased. M1, M2 macrophages and DC cells were adherent after stimulation with PMA. However, DC cells were partially adherent after GM-CSF/M-CSF treatment. M1 and M2 macrophages were also growing in suspension. Conclusions Both methods used in this study can successfully induce THP-1 cells to differentiate into different subtypes, but there are some differences in the morphology of the induced cells. Appropriate stimulation method can be selected according to the experimental requirements.

Abstract:Objective To establish a DBA/1J mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and to characterize the pathological and immunological changes of the model. Methods Bovine type Ⅱ collagen (CⅡ) was emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), subcutaneously injected at the root of tail of DBA/1J mice for primary immunization, and the injection was repeated 21 days later for secondary immunization. The changes of body weight, degree of joint swelling and other morphological indicators of arthritis were observed and pathological changes in the ankle joints were analyzed. The serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were detected by cytometric bead assay (CBA). Results The body weight of the CIA mice began to decrease 35 days after primary immunization and was continuously lower than that in the control group. 28 days after the primary immunization, their paws began to tern red and swollen, and after 35 days, the thickness of swollen paws of the CIA mice was significantly greater than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence rate of CIA reached 90% on the 62nd day. Pathological examination showed a narrowed articular space, hyperplasia of synovial tissue, inflammatory cell infiltration and varying degrees of cartilaginous damage. Compared with the control group, the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IFN-γ and MCP-1 were significantly increased in the CIA mice (P< 0.05), while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was slightly decreased (P> 0.05). Conclusions A collagen-induced arthritis model can be successfully established by subcutaneous injection of bovine collagen type Ⅱ emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant at the root of tail of DBA/1J mice, and provides a useful experimental tool for further studies of pathogenesis of and drug development for rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract:Objective To study the changes in whole genome expression profiles of the tongue in a rat model of Qi-stagnation and blood stasis by gene chip microarray as well as the biological processes and pathways related to the differentially expressed genes, and to provide scientific evidence for studies of the related theories and drug therapies of blood stasis syndrome. Methods The rat model of Qi-stagnation and blood stasis was established by high-fat diet combined with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Changes of the whole genome expression profiles of the tongue in normal rats and model rats and the involved pathways were analyzed by gene chip microarray. Results Compared with the normal rats, the rats with Qi-stagnation and blood stasis showed 277 differentially-expressed genes, including 68 up-regulated and 209 down-regulated genes. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis showed that the syndrome of Qi-stagnation and blood stasis is related to biological processes such as inflammation, lipid metabolism and immune responses, as well as the alterations in 7 pathways including the complement and coagulation cascade pathway, the PPAR signaling pathway, and the pathway of xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450. Conclusions The differentially-expressed genes, which are involved in CYP450 and complement and coagulation cascade pathway and PPAR signal pathway, may be related to the pathogenesis of blood stasis syndrome, and provide evidence for studies of blood stasis and related drug development.

Abstract:Objective The p27 gene of the simian type-D retrovirus was prokaryotically expressed to establish the flow microsphere immunofluorescence assay for detection of simian type-D retrovirus in nonhuman primates. Methods The gene of p27 was amplified by PCR and linked to the pGEX-4T-1 expression vector digested with the restriction enzymes of EcoR I and Xho I, and the recombinant pGEX-4T-1-p27 plasmid was transfected into the BL21 (DE3) cells for expression of target protein. The form of expressed protein and the optimal time for induction were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The target protein was purified with GST resin and coupled with magnetic beads to establish the flow microsphere immunofluorescence assay for detection of simian type-D retrovirus in clinical specimens. Results The recombinant protein was expressed in the soluble supernatant, and the optimal time for induction was 4 h. After coupling the protein with the magnetic beads, the flow microsphere immunofluorescence assay was successfully established. Using this method, 81-fold diluted serum could still be detected as positive, and no cross-reaction was found in the positive serum of other pathogens of nonhuman primates, indicating the strong specificity of this method.A total of 24 clinical specimens were tested by this flow microsphere immunofluorescence assay as well as ELISA. Among all the 24 specimens, 3 samples were positive detected by the flow microsphere immunofluorescence assay, of which 2 were positive and 1 was negative by ELISA. The coincidence rate of these two methods was 96%. Conclusions The prokaryotic expression of p27 protein of the simian type-D retrovirus is successful and the flow microsphere immunofluorescence assay with high sensitivity, strong specificity and tiny samples needed is established, which lays the foundation for further application of the multi-flow microsphere immunofluorescence technique.

Abstract:Objective The delayed-response task based on the Wisconsin General Testing Apparatus (WGTA) is commonly used to evaluate the ability of learning and memory in nonhuman primates. Because the task may be influenced by a number of factors, how to set and standardize the parameters during the training and evaluation stage is of great significance and value for obtaining appropriate results of learning and memory ability. Methods In this study, 8~9 years old male cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were tested with the modified WGTA. We evaluated the influence of experimental factors such as the times of training, frequency of evaluation, interval time of evaluation, delayed time and number of stimulus trays on the results of learning and memory ability in the macaques by investigating the correct rates of food acquiring. Results The correct rate of food acquiring of the cynomolgus macaques was unstable and significantly decreased when the times of training was less than 10 during the training stage. The frequency of evaluation had less effect on the correct rate on the basis of enough training. The correct rate of food acquiring was still above 65% with a 3-month interval after training. However, the increase of delayed time led to significant decrease of the correct rate in some macaques. In addtion, more than 3 stimulus trays also resulted in a low correct rate in general less than 65%. Conclusions Reasonable designing of the experimental parameters during the training and evaluation stage is important for determining the learning and memory ability in nonhuman primates.

Abstract:Objective To establish a multiplex xMAP assay for detection of infectious disease antibodies in the serum of transgenic mice by liquid chips of mouse MHV, LCM, ECT and HANT proteins. Methods The fluorescent microspheres were conjugated with mouse MHV, LCM, ECT and HANT proteins, and the amount of protein-conjugates and the working concentrations of antibodies and Streptavidin-PE were optimized, respectively. The liquid chips of mouse MHV, LCM, ECT and HANT were prepared and used to detect the antibodies in the serum samples from 56 transgenic mice, together with the negative, positive and control serum, by the multiplex xMAP assay. The results of xMAP assay were verified by traditional ELISA. Results (1) The optimal conjugated amount of mouse MHV, LCM, ECT and HANT protein was 20 μg, 20 μg, 40 μg and 20 μg, respectively. The optimal concentration of their detection antibodies was 2 μg/mL, 2 μg/mL, 2 μg/mL and 4 μg/mL, and the optimal concentration of Streptavidin-PE for all of them was 2 μg/mL. (2) The results of xMAP assay showed that the MFI and index values of the serum samples from the No. 14, No. 23, No. 55 and No. 56 transgenic mice detected with the liquid chip of MHV were higher than those of the control serum, while other MFI and index values were lower than those of the control serum, indicating that the antibodies of MHV were positive in the No. 14, No. 23, No. 55 and No. 56 transgenic mice and negative in the other mice, and the antibodies of LCM, ECT and HANT were negative in all of the mice. (3) The results of ELISA showed that the A450 and index values of MHV in the No.14, No.23, No.55 and No.56 transgenic mice were higher than those of the control serum, while other A450 and index values were lower than those of the control serum, indicating that the antibodies of MHV were positive in the No.14, No.23, No.55 and No.56 transgenic mice and negative in the other mice, and the antibodies of LCM, ECT and HANT were negative in all of the mice. These ELISA results were consistent with the results of the xMAP assay. Conclusions The multiplex xMAP assay established in this study can be used in the detection of infectious disease antibodies in transgenic mice.

Abstract:Objective To screen the optimal parameters for depilation in SD rats, and to provide an experimental prerequisite for the establishment of animal models of skin photoaging. Methods The effects of concentrations and time of the chemical depilatory Na₂S treatment on the hair removal efficiency were evaluated by the number of residual hair per milimeter square and the damaged area of the skin in rats, and the parameters for hair removal were further optimized by D-optimal design. Results Working concentration of Na₂S was the critical factor affecting its capability of hair removal. No depilation was observed when the concentration of Na₂S was lower than 5%, while skin damage began to appear and became severe gradually when the concentration of Na₂S was above 7%.Therefore, 6% Na₂S was taken as the basic concentration for depilation. Hair removal was observed with 6% Na₂S treatment for 5 min. After 10 min of treatment, the surface of the skin turned to be smooth, and this tendency continued until 15 min. After 15 min, skin damage occurred and turned more severe after 20 min. When treated for over 25 min, skin damage similar to skin burns was observed with naked eyes. Overall, our study with the D-optimal design showed that the effect of hair removal in the SD rats was optimal when treated with 7% Na₂S for 10 min, causing no skin damage and residual hair left. Conclusions Highly efficient hair removal in SD rats can be achieved with chemical depilatory optimized by D-optimal design.

Abstract:Objective To explore the effects of Rumex L. root extract on the morphology of tissues and organs in the mice of experimental psoriasis. Methods The experimental psoriasis model was established in BALB/c mice receiving commercially available imiquimod cream (5% IMQ) on the shaved back (dorsal) for 6 consecutive days. The drugs (positive controls and rumex L. root extract) were intragastrically administered at the volume of 0.2 mL/10 g. And then the effects of the positive control drugs (DXM, XYKL, MB) and the Rumex L. root extract (1, 2, 4 g/kg) on the morphology of the dorsal skin tissues, thymus, marrow and spleen, as well as the organ indexes of thymus and spleen were observed. Results Compared with the model group, epithelial thickening and parakeratosis of the mice in the 1 g/kg group were still visible. As for the mice in the 2 g/kg group, most epithelial returned to normal and there was also a visible area of epithe-lial thickening. As for the mice in the 4 g/kg group, most epithelial returned to normal and there were individual differences among the mice. Compared with the positive control groups (DXM, XYKL, MB), epithelial thickening and parakeratosis of the mice in the 1 g/kg group were still visible. In the 2 g/kg group, the changes of dorsal skin of the mice were similar to the XYKL and MB positive control groups. In the 4 g/kg group, the changes of dorsal skin of the mice were similar to the DXM positive control group. And there was no obvious abnormality of thymus, marrow and spleen morphology in the blank control group, the model group, the positive control groups and the Rumex L. root extract-treated groups (1, 2, 4 g/kg). Compared with the model group, the organ indexes of thymus and spleen were decreased in the DXM group (P< 0.01) and there was no significant difference in the XYKL group, the MB group and the Rumex L. root extract-treated groups (1, 2, 4 g/kg) (P> 0.05). Compared with the DXM positive control group, the organ indexes of thymus and spleen were increased in the Rumex L. root extract-treated groups (1, 2, 4 g/kg) (P< 0.01). Conclusions Rumex L. root extract can inhibit the IMQ-induced histological changes of mouse dorsal skin in a dose-dependent manner, but there are no obvious effects on the morphology of thymus, marrow and spleen.

Abstract:Objective To establish a dog model of hyperdynamic septic shock by intravenous injection of Escherichia coli. Methods Twenty-two hybrid dogs were randomly divided into control group (n=11) and experimental group (n=11). A double-cavity central venous catheter was inserted into the right femoral vein of the dogs after anesthesia. Physiological saline was continuously pumped into the femoral vein of the dogs in the control group by the micro-pump, while the dogs of the septic shock group were pumped with E.coli in the same way. The catheter of PICCO (pulse indicator continuous cardiac output) was inserted into the right femoral artery and the systemic hemodynamics of the dogs was monitored at all of the time points from 0 to 48 h. Results Compared with the control group, the heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV) of the experimental group were significantly increased at 12 h (P < 0.05), and the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were significantly decreased at 12 h (P < 0.05). However, other hemodynamic parameters such as the central venous pressure (CVP), the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), the oxygen delivery rate (DO₂), the oxygen consumption rate (VO₂), and the oxygen extraction rate (O₂ER) were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Moreover, significant decrease in urine output was observed in the septic shock group since 12 hours, and the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the resistance index (RI) of the systolic artery were significantly different from those in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions The dog model of hyperdynammic septic shock can be successfully established by intravenous injection of Escherichia coli into the femoral vein by a micro-pump. This model provides an experimental basis for further study of septic shock.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum protein SEL1L in the maintenance of physiological activities of the central nervous system in mammals. Methods Neuron-specific SEL1L knockout mice (NKO) were generated using the Cre/loxp strategy. Both female and male mice were divided into experimental group (NKO) and wild-type group (WT), with 10 mice in each group and of both sexes. The postnatal survival time, body weight and behavioral indicators such as strength of skeletal muscle, balance coordination, locomotion and anxiety of the mice in each group were compared and analyzed to evaluate the physiological role of SEL1L in the central nervous system. Results The survival time of the NKO mice was only (6±3) weeks on average. Although the neonatal body weight of the NKO mice was similar to that of the wild-type mice, both the male and female NKO mice were significantly more retarded in growth than the wild-type mice, since the body weight of the NKO mice was 54.64%, 40.54% and 38.57% of the WT mice at 3, 5 and 8 weeks of age, respectively. The strength of skeletal muscle of the male NKO mice was 44.24%, 48.09% and 49.04% of male WT mice, and as for the female NKO mice, it was 39.39%, 50.19% and 49.69% of the female WT mice at those three postnatal time points. The movement time, which indicates the balance coordination, of the male NKO mice was 26.92%, 41.58% and 37.48% of the male WT mice, and the movement time of the female NKO mice was 46.02%, 47.67% and 38.48% of the female WT mice. The movement distance in the open field test and the time spent to enter the central region of the male NKO mice were (24.63%, 9.57%), (25.87%, 11.63%) and (51.96%, 9.97%) of the male WT mice, and as for the female NKO mice, those two indicators were (35.62%, 25.93%), (42.75%, 9.77%) and (34.77%, 14.49%) of the female WT mice. In addition, the NKO mice showed more prominent anxiety. There were significant differences between the NKO group and the WT group for all of the experiments above (P < 0.001). Conclusions The data of the postnatal survival time, the body weight and the behavioral indicators such as balance coordination, locomotion and anxiety of the mice show that the condition of the NKO mice is significantly worse than that of the WT mice, indicating an important role of SEL1L in the maintenance of physiological functions of the central nervous system.

Abstract:Objective To establish patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models of lung cancer in nude mice, and test the changes of histomorphological architecture and the expression levels of p63, napsin A and TTF-1 in the primary lung cancer tissues and the tissues of third-generation (F3) PDX models. Methods Tissue pieces of surgical specimens from 12 lung cancer patients(8 squamous cell carcinomas and 4 adenocarcinomas)were taken and subcutaneously engrafted into nude mice to establish PDX models. Samples of the primary lung cancer tissues from patients and its PDX model in mice after the F3 generation were examined by pathology using HE staining. The changes of expression levels of p63, napsin A and TTF-1 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results A total of 5 cases of the F3 PDX models were established successfully, including 4 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and one case of adenocarcinoma (ADC). The tissue samples of the PDX model showed the same histological features of the primary tumor tissues. The p63 protein was positively expressed in 84.3% of the SCC tissues and 96% of the PDX models, showing a non-significant difference (P > 0.05), while negatively expressed in the ADC tissues. The positive rate of napsin A protein expression was 66% of the ADC tissues and 72.4% of the F3 PDX models, without a significant difference between them (P > 0.05). The expressing rate of TTF-1 protein was 91% of the ADC tissues and 85% of the F3 PDX models, without a significant difference (P > 0.05) as well. In addition, both napsin A and TTF-1 were negatively expressed in the SCC tissues. Conclusions The PDX models of lung cancers we have established retained some of the key features of the primary cancers, such as histological architecture, genomic signature, cellular heterogeneity and drug responsiveness, providing an effective resource for the research and development of personalized screening and evaluating of the drug efficacy in clinical trials and the identification of biomarkers for drug responsiveness.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of miR-143 on proliferation of esophageal cancer cells by negative-regulation of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). Methods The expression levels of miR-143 in the esophageal cancer cells TE-1, EC109, EC9706, KYSE150, KYSE510 and SEG-1 and human normal esophageal epithelial cells HEEC were detected by RT-PCR. miR-143 mimics and miR-143 NC were transfected into EC9706 cells by Lipofectamine^TM 2000. After 48 h, the expression levels of miR-143 were detected by RT-PCR, the viability and proliferation of the cells were measured using CCK-8 and EdU staining, the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry, and the expression of Bcl-2 protein and mRNA was detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. Results The expression levels of miR-143 in esophageal cancer cells TE-1, EC109, EC9706, KYSE150, KYSE510 and SEG-1[(1.36±0.13),(1.08±0.10),(0.89±0.09),(0.95±0.09),(1.32±0.14) and (0.96±0.11)] were significantly lower than that in the human normal esophageal epithelial cells HEEC (2.38±0.15) (P < 0.01). Compared with the miR-143 NC group, the expression level of miR-143 was significantly increased (P < 0.01), the cell viability and proliferation were decreased (P < 0.01), the cell cycle was arrested in the G1 phase (P < 0.01), and the expression of Bcl-2 protein and mRNA was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in the miR-143 mimics group. Conclusions Over-expression of miR-143 can inhibit the proliferation of esophageal cancer EC9706 cells through down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression.

Abstract:Objective To explore the impact of music of different frequencies on the spatial learning and memory ability of mice. Methods A total of 80 healthy 6~8 weeks old C57 mice were randomly divided into 10 groups, half male and half female in each group. The mice in the control group were not stimulated by music. The mice of the 3 groups of high-frequency music, 3 groups of medium-frequency music and 3 groups of low-frequency music were stimulated by music in corresponding range of frequency, respectively, for 5 h each day. After 6 d, the ability of spatial learning and memory of the mice was tested in the Morris water maze, with the same stimulation of music during the test. The indicators of the test included the avoiding latency, the frequency of passing the platform and the time spent to pass the quadrant of the mice in each group. Results Compared with the control group, the avoiding latency of the mice in the groups with stimulation by music was significantly shorter (P< 0.05). The frequency of passing the platform and the time spent to pass the quadrant were increased, yet the difference was not significant (P> 0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference between the indicators of the 9 groups receiving music stimulation (P> 0.05). Conclusions The 9 pieces of music we have selected can improve the ability of spatial learning and memory in adult mice, however, the effects of the music of different frequencies did not show significant difference. It is hypothesized that the impact of music stimulation on mice may be related to the criteria for music classification, the duration of cycle of music stimulation and the selection of time points of stimulation.

Abstract:Objective Most of the airborne pathogens of infectious animal experiments in biosafety laboratories can be effectively controlled by barrier apparatus. However,the requirements for biosafety parameters of the rodent cages, which are commonly-used devices, are not clear yet. The purpose of this study is to estimate the risk of pathogen exposure by mimicking infectious animal experiments using open cage or sealed cage for rodents in barrier facility under negative pressure in our laboratory, and to evaluate the risk-controlling level of the hardware conditions and management measures of our facility. Methods E. coli (DH5α, with the kanamycin-resistance gene, Kan⁺) was used as the indicator microorganism. The risk of pathogen exposure of the following operations were tested:mice raised in open cage or sealed cage (without pressure gradient inside and outside), and sealed-cage changing of mice in biosafety cabinet. The quantities of indicator microorganisms inside and outside the facility with negative pressure were monitored to estimate the efficiency of biosafety-control over the facility. Results There was a risk of pathogen exposure when open cage was used in the barrier facility under negative pressure, and the spread of pathogens could be controlled in barrier facility under negative pressure to some extent. There was no indicator microorganism detected when animals were raised in sealed cage without pressure gradient inside and outside, and the risk of pathogen exposure during the procedure of sealed-cage changing in the biosafety cabinet could be effectively controlled. Conclusions The biosafety of animal experiments can be ensured using sealed cage in barrier facility under negative pressure, even without pressure gradient inside and outside of the cage.

Abstract:The establishment of rat model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion is a very sophisticated experimental process. During animal experiments, beginners always meet with troubles inevitably. The authors of this paper have conducted a great deal of this type of experiments for years, and intend to share some experience and lessons with colleagues.

Abstract:Objective To summarize the initial operation and management of the laboratory animal barrier housing facilities at Central South University. Methods Based on practice, a series of measures have been worked out to improve the management of personnel, animals and items, implement of rules and regulations,and disinfection and purification of the facilities during the operation of barrier system. Results Through strictly carrying out the management measures, we have ensured the quality of laboratory animals and have established a scientific, high-quality and efficient service platform of laboratory animals to serve the teaching and research at Central South University. Conclusions Only through strict management, we can ensure the normal operation of the laboratory animal barrier housing facilities.

Abstract:Animal experiments are important methods for scientific research. During animal experiments, it is crucial to select the appropriate anesthetics, not only to ensure the smoothly performed operational procedure and obtaining reliable experimental data, but also to avoid the suffering of laboratory animals and ensure their welfare as more as possible. In recent years, the ethical issues related to laboratory animal welfare have drawn more and more attention. In this review, we briefly discuss the selection of commonly used anesthetics during animal experiments, such as inhaled anesthetics, including diethyl ether, sevoflurane and isoflurane, as well as non-inhaled anesthetics, including pentobarbital sodium, chloral hydrate, ketamine and urethane, and the possibly involved ethical issues related to the application of those anesthetics.

Abstract:The incidence of depression has been increasing over the recent years, which can cause serious physical and mental health problems in humans, but its pathogenesis has not been fully clarified. Animal models can simulate the depression in humans, thus are widely used for studies of the pathogenesis of depression, as well as in research and development of new antidepressants. According to the different ways of modeling, animal models of depression can be divided into the following categories:stress models, surgical models, drug-induced models and genetic models. These models can provide useful tools to explain some pathogenetic aspects of depression, such as neurotransmitters and their receptors/transporters, neurotrophic factors, neuroendocrine systems, inflammatory hypotheses, and so on. This review summarizes and evaluates the commonly used rodent animal models of depression and provides a reference for further research on depression.

Abstract:Nonhuman primates are widely used in biomedical researches because of their genetic, anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. As a zoonotic pathogen, the monkey B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) does not cause serious symptoms when it infects its natural host, macaques. However, this pathogen can result in lethal encephalitis, encephalomyelitis and neurological sequelae when it infects humans. This article will briefly discuss the reasons why the monkey B virus causes such serious consequences in humans.

Abstract:Postoperative peritoneal adhesion is a common complication after laparotomy, resulting in complications such as intestinal obstruction, chronic abdominopelvic pain,and infertility in women, which may increase the rate of rehospitalization, risk of reoperation and economic burden. The establishment of appropriate animal models is essential for understanding the pathogenesis, therapy and prevention of peritoneal adhesions and their complications. Rat is the most widely used animal species for establishing models of peritoneal adhesions. According to the etiology of peritoneal adhesion, there are many different types of models. However, to date there has not been a universal way of model establishment and evaluation suitable for all types of peritoneal adhesions. Here in this review, we will summarize and discuss the commonly used methods of model establishment and evaluation of peritoneal adhesions in rats.