Abstract:Objective To investigate the protective effect of 1,25(OH) ₂ VD₃ on hepatic mitochondrial injury in ZDF rats and the potential mechanism. Methods Male Zucker rats (5 - 6 weeks old) were randomly divided into three groups according to their weight: control (ZL), model (ZDF), and 1,25(OH) ₂ VD₃ supplementation (ZDF + VD) groups. All rats were treated to 12 weeks of age, and then the related parameters were analyzed. Results ZDF rats treated with 1,25(OH) ₂ VD₃ showed a significant decrease in serum ALT/ AST and liver lipid droplet deposition. Treatment with 1,25(OH) ₂ VD₃ ameliorated mitochondrial injury and increased the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related factors SIRT1, PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM. Conclusions These findings suggest that 1,25(OH) ₂ VD₃ alleviates diabetic liver injury by improving mitochondrial biogenesis through upregulating SIRT1, PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM expression.

Abstract:Objective To observe the effect of emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl anthraquinone) on adipose browning in ApoE knockout mice and explore its potential mechanism to improve the blood stasis status such as hyperlipemia. Methods Male 8-week-old ApoE knockout mice were randomly divided into three groups, model, 5. 7 mg/ kg simvastatin, and 80 mg/ kg emodin groups, and fed a high fat diet. C57BL/6J control mice were fed a normal diet. The mice in each group were intragastrically administered with drugs or drinking water for 18 consecutive weeks.Parameters, including body weight, inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) mass, brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass, blood lipids, pathological features of iWAT histology, and in situ uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in iWAT, were observed. Results Compared with the model group, the body weight, ratio of inguinal white adipose tissue weight/ body weight ( P <0. 05), and blood TC and TG were decreased significantly ( P <0. 05), while the ratio of brown adipose tissue weight/ body weight, EF, and FS ( P < 0. 01) were increased significantly in the emodin group ( P < 0. 05). Histological examination using HE staining of iWAT showed that the cells had multiple compartments and became smaller and round, and the tissue became more dense with morphological characteristics of brown adipose tissue. Immunohistochemistry showed that the AOD of UCP1 in iWAT was increased significantly ( P < 0. 01). Conclusions Emodin may improve the symptoms of hyperlipemia by promoting browning of inguinal white adipose tissue and reducing white fat accumulation in ApoE knockout mice, which may be related to the effect of zhuyu.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the expression of miR-34c in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its effect on the biological behaviors of OSCC cells. Methods MiR-34c was detected in the Chinese hamster oral cancer tissue by quantitative real-time PCR. MiR-34c mimics and inhibitor were transfected into Tca8113 cells by Lipofectamine RNAiMAX. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. Cell migration was determined by a scratch test. Results Compared with the normal group, miRNA-34c expression in the Chinese hamster oral carcinoma group was increased significantly. Upregulation of the miR-34c inhibited the viability of Tca8113 cells ( P <0. 01), but there was no significant change in migration of the Tca8113 cells. Downregulation of miR-34c promoted the viability and migration of Tca8113 cells ( P <0. 05). Conclusions Upregulation of miR-34c effectively suppresses oral cancer cell growth,while non-significantly inhibits the cancer cell migration. Downregulation of miRNA-34c expression promotes proliferation and migration of oral cancer cells.

Abstract:Objective To investigate changes of the pathological behaviors and core markers in BALB/ c mice treated by 4T1 inflammatory breast cancer cells inoculation and corticosterone injection. Methods Breast cancer mouse mod els were established by inoculation of 4T1 inflammatory breast cancer cells and randomly divided into two groups: breast cancer and breast cancer with corticosterone groups. Healthy mice were randomly divided into two groups: normal control and depression groups. Subsequently, corticosterone injections (30 mg/ kg, 21 days) were administered to the depression and breast cancer with corticosterone groups. At the end of the experiment, depression-like behaviors of mice in each group were assessed by sugared water consumption, open field, and novel feeding tests. Then, all the mice were sacrificed by decapitation, and the tumor weight and volume in each mouse were measured. The levels of tumor antigens carbohydrate antigen (CA) 153, CA125, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine(DA), norepinephrine (NE) were detected by ELISA. Results In the breast cancer with corticosterone group, the tumor weight and volume were increased significantly, and the levels of CA153, CA125, and CEA were increased significantly. Furthermore, the degree of sugar-water bias was reduced significantly, and the desire to explore the environment was weakened in the breast cancer mouse with corticosterone group. The concentrations of 5-HT, DA, and NE were reduced significantly. Conclusions After corticosterone treatment, breast cancer-bearing mice exhibit obvious depression-like behaviors. Neurotransmitters, breast cancer markers, and tumors are also changed. Based on the above indicators, this method of 4T1 inflammatory breast cancer cell inoculation combined with corticosterone injection can generate mouse model of breast cancer complicated with depression, which provides a reference for animal depression experiments.

Abstract:Objective To dynamically observe the pathological changes and characteristics of the liver injury in spontaneous type 2 diabetic db/ db mice,and to provide a theoretical and experimental basis for studies taking the liver of db/ db mice as a model of type 2 diabetic liver injury. Methods db/ m mice were used as the control group and diabetic db/ db mice were used as the model group (male, 7 - 8 weeks old, SPF grade) with 16 mice in each group. Weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity were dynamically observed, and the liver index was calculated. Pathological changes in the liver tissues were observed by light and electron microscopies. Results FBG, serum ALT and AST activity in the db/ db mice were significantly higher than those in the db/ m mice. Histological examination revealed that the liver of db/ db mice was damaged severely at 16 weeks of age, including mainly hepatocyte steatosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells. By 32 weeks of age, the disease was intensified and there were massive deposit of collagen fibers in the liver tissue. Electron microscopy showed that mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and other structures were destructed or even absent, and there were significant infiltration of inflammatory cells as well as fat droplets and massive deposit of collagen fibers in liver tissue. Conclusions The liver of db/ db mice can be used as a good liver injury model of type 2 diabetes, displaying obvious steatosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in 16-week-old mice and obvious fibrosis in 32-week-old mice.

Abstract:Objective To analyze and compare the success rate of establishment and arthritis progression of collagen-induced (CIA) and antigen-induced (AIA) C57BL/6 mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods Forty-two C57BL/6 mice were divided into CIA and AIA groups. Three rats served as the normal group and 18 rats were used in each model group. After the last modeling, body weight and diameters of the knee joint and ankle of mice were monitored regularly. Results Under the C57BL/6 background, the success rate of establishment of CIA model was 41%, and the arthritis was maintained longer but less severe than that of AIA-induced models. The success rate of AIA modeling was 100%, and the arthritis was more severe but maintained for a shorter time. Conclusions To study RA pathogenesis more comprehensively, it may be more suitable to establish a CIA model in transgenic mice.

Abstract:Objective To screen out single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can be used to rapidly identify four common strains (Wistar, GK, BN, and SD) of rats and verify their reliability. Methods First, whole genome resequencing was performed on Wistar and GK rats. Using bioinformatic techniques to align the resequencing reads to the BN rat reference genome to detect specific SNPs within the genome of Wistar and GK rats, we selected a group of candidate SNPs. Then, we used Sanger sequencing and the DNA pooling method to screen and validate the candidate SNPs in four strains of rats. Results 94 800 and 106 019 homozygous-specific SNPs were detected in the Wistar and GK rats,respectively, of which 56 216 were shared by Wistar and GK rats. Only 38 SNPs were found to show different genotypes among BN, Wistar, and GK rat reference genomes, of which 15 were selected as candidate SNPs. Finally, 13 SNPs were screened, and the genotype of each locus in the four strains of rats was identified. Conclusions Thirteen SNP markers were identified and validated. These SNP markers can be used to rapidly distinguish Wistar, GK, BN, and SD rats.

Abstract:Objective To observe the effects of Xingnaozaizao capsule on formaldehyde-induced impairment of memory and preliminarily explore the mechanisms in mice. Methods Specific pathogen-free healthy KM mice were randomly divided into blank control, solvent control, and low-, medium- and high-dose groups with 14 mice in each group. The groups of mice, except the blank control group, were placed in a formaldehyde poisoning device for 14 days. The latency and number of errors in a step-through test were observed. The activities of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the content of malonaldehyde (MDA) in brain tissue were measured biochemically. The number and morphology of pyramidal neurons in the mouse hippocampal CA1 area were observed after HE staining. Results Compared with the blank control group, the latency was shortened ( P <0. 01), the number of errors was increased ( P <0. 01), NOS and SOD activities in brain tissue were decreased ( P <0. 05), and the content of MDA was increased ( P <0. 01) in the solvent control group. The numbers of piramidal cells were reduced, cell arrangement was sparse and disordered, and the cell shape was irregular in the CA1 area of the hippocampus in the solvent control group. Compared with the solvent control group, the latencies of medium- and high-dose groups were lengthened ( P < 0. 05) and the numbers of errors in low-, medium- and high-dose groups were decreased ( P <0. 05). The activities of NOS and SOD were increased in brain tissues of medium- and high-dose groups ( P < 0. 01). The contents of MDA were decreased in brain tissues of low-, medium- and high-dose groups ( P < 0. 01). The layers of pyramidal neurons in the mouse hippocampalCA1 area were increased slightly in the low- and medium-dose groups. The layers of pyramidal neurons were clear, cell arrangement was compact, and the numbers of cells were increased in the CA1 area of the hippocampus in the high-dose group. Conclusions Xingnaozaizao capsule improves formaldehyde-induced impairment of memory in mice. Its mechanisms may be associated with the effects of antioxidant injury and an increased number of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus.

Abstract:Objective To observe the effects of curcumin pretreatment on renal pathological changes and the level of oxidative stress in rats with various degrees of heat stroke. Methods Eighty male healthy SD rats were randomly divided into two groups (n =40): saline control and curcumin pretreatment groups. Each group was divided into four subgroups (n=10): 0 min (normal temperature), 50 min, 100 min, and 150 min groups in dry heat environment. Rats of the saline group were administered 0. 9% normal saline, and the curcumin group was administered 200 mg/ kg curcumin. The rats were treated continuously for 7 days. Rats of the 0 min group were subjected to room temperature, while the other groups were transferred to a climate cabin (The Simulated Climate Cabin for Special Environment of Northwest of China) under the conditions of 40. 5 ±0. 5°C and 10 ±1% relative humidity to establish the rat heat stroke model by a dry heat environment.The rats were anesthetized at the corresponding time points, and blood and kidney tissue were collected. The contents of creatinine and urea nitrogen in serum and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA)activities in homogenates of kidney tissue were detected. Renal tissue was stained with HE, and pathological changes were observed. Results Pathological changes of renal tissue were aggravated by prolonged exposure to the dry heat environment. Pathological renal injury scores were higher in the saline group compared with curcumin pretreatment groups at the same time points ( P <0. 05, P <0. 01). The contents of serum creatinine, urea, and MDA were decreased in the curcumin groups compared with the saline group at the three heatstroke periods ( P <0. 05). The activities of renal tissue antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT were increased in the curcumin group compared with the saline group ( P < 0. 05). Correlation analysis indicated that renal injury scores were correlated with MDA (r = 0. 75, P < 0. 01). Conclusions Curcumin pretreatment has a protective effect on rat renal injury induced by various degrees of heat stroke in a dry heat environment, and its mechanism may be mediated partly by antioxidant effects.

Abstract:Objective To establish a mouse model of pulmonary adenoma, detect its blood biochemistry, and routinely examine its blood, urine, and pathology. Methods PCR confirmed seven B6. 129S4-Krastm^{tm4Tyj/ J-positive} mice. Four of them were used as the experimental group, and three as the control group. Three wild-type mice were used as the control group. Cre adenovirus was applied to the nasal cavity once a week for four times in both the experimental and control groups. After 5 weeks, blood and urine were collected for biochemical examination and routine blood examination. Lung tissue was analyzed for pathology, and quantitative PCR was used to detect Cre expression. Results Four positive mice produced multiple lung adenomas at an average of 4. 25 with a volume of 10. 81 ±6. 38 mm3 . No tumors were found in the control group. Multiple tumors, expansive growth, and clear borders were seen in the lung. The tumor cells were cubic epidermoid and arranged in irregular glandular tubes. No pathological mitosis was seen. Compared with the control group,low-density lipoprotein and average platelet volume were increased significantly. Direct bilirubin in the pulmonary adenoma mice was higher than that in the control group, and high-density lipoprotein was lower than in the control group. These results had high statistical significance. Conclusions A mouse model of pulmonary adenoma is successfully established,and its routine examination of blood and urine,blood biochemistry parameters are determined,and its pathological features are characterized.

Abstract:Objective This study aimed to investigate the egg quality and nutritional components of domesticated Tibetan chicken in Guangzhou and compare them with those of with Wuhei chicken. Methods Various detection methods were employed to analyze the egg quality and nutritional components of domesticated Tibetan chicken in Guangzhou and Wuhei chicken. Results There was no significant difference in physical quality indicators of the eggs from those two chickens( P > 0. 05). There was no notable difference in the content of crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, and carbohydrate of those two kinds of eggs ( P > 0. 05). The contents of selenium, iron, and zinc of domesticated Tibetan chicken eggs in Guangzhou were significantly higher than those of Wuhei chicken eggs ( P <0. 05). The concentrations of pyridine ( P <0. 01), pyridine borane ( P <0. 05), and dodecane ( P <0. 05) in the domesticated Tibetan chicken eggs in Guangzhou were markedly lower than those in Wuhei chicken eggs, whereas the contents of 1-hexadecene, 14-methylpentadecanoate,methyl linoleate, methyloleate, and methyl stearate in the domesticated Tibetan chicken eggs in Guangzhou were significantly higher than those in Wuhei chicken eggs ( P <0. 05). Conclusions The contents of crude protein, crude fat, selenium, iron, and zinc and methyloleate in domesticated Tibetan chicken eggs in Guangzhou are higher than those in Wuhei chicken eggs.

Abstract:Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist combined with various doses of estrogen in a rat model of endometriosis and the recurrence of endometriosis. Methods Fifty-one rats with endometriosis were established by autologous transplantation of the uterus and then randomly divided into five groups: control group (n = 10), 1 mg/ kg NS subcutaneous injection once; treatment groups, add-back group Ⅰ (low-dose estrogen group, n = 10), add-back group Ⅱ (medium-dose estrogen group, n = 10), add-back group Ⅲ (high-dose estrogen group, n =10), GnRH-a group (n =11), 1 mg/ kg leuprolide subcutaneous injection once. Add-back groups Ⅰ- Ⅲ were administered various doses of estradiol valerate at week 2 (25, 50, and 100 μg/ kg) and the GnRH-a group was administered 3 mL NS per rat once a day by gavage at week 2. At weeks 3 and 6 after intragastric administration of estradiol valerate, a laparotomy was performed to measure the volume of endometriosis. The protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein were detected by immunohistochemistry. The levels of serum CA125 were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Before the treatments, there was no significant difference in the volume of ectopic lesions in each group ( P >0. 05). At week 4, the mean volumes of ectopic lesions in the treatment groups were significantly reduced compared with that of the control group ( P < 0. 05). At week 7, the volumes of ectopic lesions in add-back Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups were significantly higher than those in the add-back Ⅰ and GnRH-a groups ( P < 0. 05). Before the treatments, there was no significant difference in the expression of TNF-α and StAR in ectopic lesions of each group ( P >0. 05). At week 4 of the treatments, the TNF-α and StAR expression in ectopic lesions of treatment groups was significantly lower than that in the control group ( P <0. 05). At week 7, TNF-α and StAR expression in add-back Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups was significantly higher than that in the add-back group Ⅰ and GnRH-a groups ( P <0. 05). Before the treatments, there was no significant difference in the serum level of CA125 in the each group ( P >0. 05). At week 4, the serum level of CA125 in the treatment groups was significantly lower than that in the control group( P <0. 05). At week 7, the serum levels of CA125 in the add-back Ⅱ and Ⅲ groups were significantly higher than those in the add-back group Ⅰ and GnRH-a groups ( P < 0. 05). Conclusions GnRH-a combined with low-dose estrogen causes marked suppression of endometriosis in the rat. Replacement therapy by medium and high doses of estrogen may stimulate rapid recurrence of endometriotic implant growth induced by TNF-α and StAR.

Abstract:Objective Periodical imaging to monitor tumor growth in nude mice by pathology after establishment of an orthotopic liver cancer model to determine the appropriate treatment time. Methods HepG2 hepatoma cell line was injected into nude mice subcutaneously. The subcutaneous tumors were then cut into 1 mm³pieces and implanted into the livers of 15 nude mice. After model establishment, five nude mice in each group were examined by ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the longitudinal diameter of the tumors was calculated at weeks 4, 6 and 8. Then, the nude mice were sacrificed and anatomized by an anesthetic overdose for observation of liver tumor formation,longitudinal diameter calculation, and pathological examination. Results An 80% tumor formation rate was observed in the nude mouse liver with uniform, focal, and solitary tumors. The detection rates of US and MRI were 75% and 100%respectively. The average longitudinal diameter of the tumors at 4, 6, and 8 weeks were 4, 7, and 11 mm, respectively.The Wilcoxon rank sum test revealed a significant difference between US and anatomical calculation ( P =0. 0059), and no significant difference between MRI and anatomical calculation ( P = 0. 208). At 4 and 6 weeks, the liver tumors in nude mice manifested with a homogeneous hypoecho in US, regular morphology and uniform strong signals with a clear boundary in T2WI, and compact atypical tumor cells with a large nucleus in pathological observation. At 8 weeks, the tumors presented with a heterogeneous echo in US, irregular shape and heterogeneous strong signals in T2WI, and obvious central necrosis in pathological observation. Conclusions Intrahepatic tissue implantation is effective for mouse model establishment of orthotopic hepatic carcinoma. The imaging features are correlated with the pathological findings. MRI is an effective imaging method to monitor the tumor growth throughout the entire course. Between 4 and 6 weeks after 1 mm³tumor tissue inoculation into the nude mouse liver may be the optimum period for initial tumor treatment.

Abstract:Objective To assess the genetical structures of three outbred strains of guinea pig and screen the microsatellite loci related to different groups of guinea pigs. Methods Using 45 primers, DNA of three groups of guinea pigs was analyzed by PCR and electrophoresis for genetic markers. Then, the polymorphism of these markers was calculated. In addition, the microsatellite locus related to different hair colors was screened in the three groups of guinea pig. Results All microsatellites loci showed polymorphism. The average number of allelic genes was 2. 29 per locus and the average value of effective genes was 1. 74 per locus. The average expected heterozygosity in total was 0. 39. The average observed heterozygosity was 0. 21. The average PIC was 0. 32, and 68. 9% of the loci showed moderate polymorphism. The average P-value of HW was 0. 1734, but the inheritance in 20 loci of the total locus diverged extremely significantly from the HW balance. The average deviation index D was -0. 407. The differentiation index Fst was 0. 136. The gene flow Nm was 5. 835. Nie genetic similarity of the three groups was low. Conclusions The genetic structures of the three guinea pig groups show a moderate polymorphism. The genetic differences between the groups are not significant. Inheritance of groups diverged from the HW balance and inbreeding within the groups of guinea pigs is obvious. The main reason for these problems is that the number of guinea pigs used for reproduction is low and there are limitations to the approaches of choosing guinea pig seeds. In addition, 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci related to different groups of hair color of guinea pigs and seven specific loci are identified.

Abstract:Objective To establish a green fluorescent protein (GFP) / firefly luciferase (Luc) double-labeled ECA109 human esophageal cancer cells (ECA109-Luc-GFP) and apply them to a mouse model of esophageal cancer for non-invasive bioimaging. Methods MTT, flow cytometry (FCM), and wound healing assays were used to analyze biological differences between ECA109-Luc-GFP cells and parental ECA109 cells. Esophageal cancer xenografts were established by subcutaneous or tail vein injections of ECA109-Luc-GFP cells into nude mice. An in vivo imaging system was used to observe the growth of xenografts. Results MTT, FCM, and wound healing assays showed no differences between ECA109-Luc-GFP and parental cells in terms of cell viability, proliferation, and metastasis ( P > 0. 05). The growth and metastasis of xenografts established by ECA109-Luc-GFP cells were observed using the in vivo imaging system.Conclusions A GFP/ Luc double-labeled human esophageal cancer cell line is established, and the growth and metastasis of xenografts can be observed by an in vivo imaging system. This study provides the experimental basis for an esophageal cancer mouse model and clinical study.

Abstract:Objective To study the effect of geniposide on expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in mammary glands and mammary epithelial cells of mastitic mice. Methods Forty female mice after childbirth were randomly divided into blank control, model, L, M, and H groups. At 12 h after modeling, the L group was treated with low-dose geniposide, the M group was administered intermediate-dose geniposide, the H group was treated with high-dose geniposide, and blank control and model groups were administered an equal amount of phosphate-buffered saline. At 24 h after modeling, the treatment effects were observed. Results mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in model, L, M, and H groups were significantly higher than that in the blank control group ( P < 0. 05). Expressions of TNF-α,IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNAs in the L, M, and H groups were significantly lower than that in the model group ( P < 0. 05). Expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNAs in M and H groups were significantly lower than that in the L group ( P <0. 05). mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the M group were significantly lower than that in M and L groups ( P < 0. 05). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in L, M, and H groups were significantly lower than those in the model group ( P < 0. 05). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in M and H groups were significantly lower than those in the L group ( P < 0. 05). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the H group were significantly lower than those in M and L groups ( P < 0. 05). Conclusions Geniposide inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced mammary gland inflammation and reduces the levels of proinflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.

Abstract:Objective To describe an improved method of blocking blood flow in the femoral artery on the body surface and establish a simple and controllable rat model of limb ischemia-reperfusion injury with reliable quality. Methods A total of 15 SD rats were randomly divided into five groups including the normal control group, and 0, 2, 4, and 8 h reperfusion groups after ischemia. After establishing the limb ischemia-reperfusion injury model, skeletal muscle morphology and apoptosis of skeletal muscle cells were observed by HE and DAPI staining, respectively. Results Except in the normal group, each group showed various degrees of muscle fiber swelling and irregular arrangements as well as widened inter-myofiber space. Compared with 0 and 2 h groups, muscle fiber swelling, rupture, inflammatory cell infiltration, and other damages in the 4 and 8 h groups were more serious, and the 8 h group had the most serious symptoms. Moreover, skeletal muscle cells of the four groups showed typical apoptotic morphological characteristics. Conclusions This method can reflect the pathological changes of skeletal muscle during LIRI, which are similar to the clinical features of LIRI. It is simple to perform and can be used to establish a limb ischemia-reperfusion animal model.

Abstract:Objective A new type of ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus was used to evaluate the cardiac functions of rats by two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography, and the feasibility and accuracy of this method were assessed. Methods A new type of ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus with a probe frequency of 6 MHz -19 MHz was applied. The left ventricular structure and various indexes were detected by transthoracic ultrasound after anesthesia in six normal male SD rats. Results Transthoracic echocardiography clearly showed the general structure of the rat heart, and accurately and stably obtained the cardiac function parameters of the left ventricle of rats, which can be used to evaluate the cardiac functions of rats. Conclusions High-quality rat cardiac gross structural images, and stable and reliable cardiac function data can be obtained using this new ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus. It is a non-invasive method for continuously and accurately examining the gross structure of the rat heart and evaluating the cardiac functions.

Abstract:Laboratory animal science is a compulsory course for postgraduates in medicine and aids later professional courses. In addition, it is responsible for training students in animal experiments. It is of great significance for the training of scientific research by students and their practical abilities. The current study focused on the existing problems in laboratory animal science for postgraduates and explored the relationship between teaching, learning, and evaluation in the teaching process. Based on these relationships, the crux of the problems was analyzed. Reformation in laboratory animal science should be combined with the general idea of the national initiative of the “Double First Class”, renew educational concepts, follow educational laws, and deepen the reform of the curriculum system and innovating teaching method with the guidance of strengthening supply-side reform. These measures could form a teaching model suitable for laboratory animal science of postgraduates in our country and improve the ability to cultivate the innovative ability and applications of postgraduates to meet the needs of the social development of students.

Abstract:Medical students are the new force in China’s medical and health undertakings and the backbone of building a healthy China. Animal experiments are an important part of the medical education process, but the damage caused to experimental animals during the teaching of animal experiments does not match the concepts of medical science.Strengthening medical animal welfare and ethical practice education is not only an important way to cultivate good ethical quality of medical students, but also facilitates training better scientific research quality of medical students, better understanding and respect for life, and promoting medical research.

Abstract:Higher education must cultivate a college student’ s innovative ability, practical ability, and entrepreneurial spirit and generally enhance their humanistic quality and scientific literacy. Guided by outcome-based education, we used scientific research projects related to experimental animals and formulated the expected learning output of innovative training projects for college students. We highlighted ability training and strengthened the main status of the students in the project implementation. The results showed that students had an improved self-learning ability, innovation, and practical ability. Scientific research ideas and design of students were systematically enhanced. The concept of experimental animal welfare was also strengthened. Students had quality development in the selection of standardized experimental animals and standardization of experimental operation techniques. In addition, they had the correct understanding and scientific application in theoretical knowledge and key techniques for experimental animals and animal experiments.

Abstract:Laboratory animal science mainly consists of experimental animals and animal experiments. It is an indispensable part of medical science research. To meet the needs of cultivating innovative talent at the undergraduate stage of higher education, the Ministry of Education has implemented the innovation and entrepreneurship training program for national college students during the “12th Five-Year” period, and more undergraduate students are able to participate in scientific research directly. Therefore, experimental zoology courses start at the undergraduate stage of Chinese medicine colleges and universities to improve undergraduate students. The ability to perform scientific research is more important than ever. The curriculum adopts a variety of teaching modes in class. It introduces the concept of experimental animals, the anatomical and physiological characteristics of common experimental animals, animal experiment design, methods of animal disease model establishment, and the principles of genetic engineering for animal model establishment. It strengthens the process of evaluating student learning, optimizes the method of evaluation, and improves the ability of students. This learning initiative lays the foundation for successful completion of scientific research by undergraduates.