Abstract: Objective The aim of this study is to explore the hypoglycemic effect of active components of Anoectochilus roxburghii on zebrafish models. Methods Anoectochilus roxburghii components were extracted and separated into three groups: the alcohol extraction group, macromolecular polysaccharide group (≥ 5 × 10 ³ ) and small molecular polysaccharide group ( <5 ×10 ³ ). Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 2% glucose solution (2% Glu) at 24 h to imitate acute hyperglycemia phenotype, and then treated with the three Anoectochilus roxburghii components. Based on this high?glucose model, the zebrafish embryos at 72 h were collected to detect the whole tissue glucose value. Furthermore, semi?quantitative PCR and whole mount in situ hybridization were performed to detect the expression of mRNA levels of glycometabolism?related genes. Results An acute diabetic zebrafish model was induced by high glucose stress. In this model, some key factors during glycometabolism such as insulin, pck?1 and pdx?1 were significantly affected, while the alcohol extracts of Anoectochilus roxburghii obviously reversed these abnormalities induced by high glucose stress, even to normal levels. Conclusions The alcohol extracts of Anoectochilus roxburghii has obvious hypoglycemic effect on diabetic zebrafish model. Our result suggest that Anoectochilus roxburghii has a potential application in the hypoglycemic drug screening.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of L?carnitine combined with erythropoietin (EPO) and iron on renal anemia in rats. Methods The renal anemia rat model was established using adenine. All rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group (group A), EPO combined with iron group (group B), and L?carnitine combined with EPO and iron treatment group (group C). The levels of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), C?reactive protein (CRP), Fe in peripheral blood (Fe), serum ferritin (SF) and transferrin saturation (TS) were measured. Pathological changes in the kidney, liver and small intestine tissues were examined using HE staining. Results Compared with the group A, the levels of RBC, Hgb, Hct, Fe, SF, and TS were significantly increased, however, the level of CRP significantly decreased in the groups B and C (P < 0.05). In the group C, the levels of RBC, Hgb, and CRP was higher than the group B (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the pathological changes in the kidney, liver and small intestine tissues were improved in the groups B and C. Conclusions L?carnitine combined with EPO and iron has a therapeutic effect on renal anemia in rats, thus, it deserves further studies and application.

Abstract:Objective To compare the therapeutic effect of dark plum mixture on rats with radiation?induced xerostomia, given by gastric gavage and oral spray. Methods Rat model of radiation?induced xerostomia were developed by electron linear accelerator. Wistar rats were randomly divided into spray group and gastric gavage group, and normal group, positive control group and normal control group were set up within these two groups. The dark plum mixture was administered for 14 days. After treated for 7 days and 14 days, saliva was collected and submandibular gland samples were collected. The salivary secretion, Sorgan index, component analysis and pathological changes of submaxillary glands between the groups were assessed. Results On the 7thday after irradiation, the saliva secretion and gland coefficient of the dark plum spray group were significantly higher than the positive control group and normal control group ( P < 0.05). The saliva secretion, gland coefficient and saliva amylase activity of the dark plum mixture spray group were significantly higher than the dark plum mixture gastric gavage group ( P < 0.05). On the 14th day after irradiation, the saliva secretion and gland coefficient of the oral spray group were significantly higher than the gastric gavage group ( P < 0.05). The pathological examination of submandibular gland tissues showed that 7 days after irradiation, there were less interglandular space and inflammatory cell infiltration in the oral spray group than the gastric gavage group. On the 14th day after irradiation, the ductal damage and cell nuclear pyknosis in the oral spray group were milder than the gastric gavage group. Vacuolated necrosis and nuclear pyknosis of some glandular cells were visible in the gastric gavage group 7 and 14 days after irradiation. Conclusions Compared with gastric gavage, the oral spray of dark plum mixture increases more saliva and salivary α?amylase secretion, effectively promote the repair of submandibular glandular cells after salivary gland irradiation, and indicates a better therapeutic effect on radiation?induced xerostomia.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of VEGF on proliferation and migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Methods To isolate and culture of oligodendrocyte precursor cells from mice. VEGF acts on the oligodendrocyte precursor cells for 48 h, meanwhile, the control group was set up and treated without VEGF. The proliferation of cells was detected by MTT assay, the cell migration was detected with a Boyden chamber, the levels of MMP?9, MMP?2, β?catenin, C?myc, cyclin D1 proteins in the cells were detected by western blotting. Wnt/ β?catenin signaling pathway activator LiCl treated the oligodendrocyte precursor cells for 48 h, and the cell proliferation and migration were detected. Results The survival rate and number of migrated oligodendrocyte precursor cells were significantly higher than those of the control group after treated with VEGF ( P < 0.01). The levels of MMP?9, MMP?2, β?catenin, C?myc and cyclin D1 in the oligodendrocyte precursor cells after treated with VEGF were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P < 0.01). The cell proliferation and migration after treated with Wnt/ β?catenin signaling activator LiCl were consistent with the proliferation and migration of cells after treated with VEGF. Conclusions VEGF promotes proliferation and migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. The mechanism of action is related to Wnt/ β?catenin signaling pathway.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of a Chinese medicine Xiao Aiping injection on the pathological changes of liver tissues in rat models, the migration ability of cancer cells in hypoxic tumor microenvironment, and explore their mechanism of action. Methods Sixty SPF 5?week old male Sprague?Dawley rats were randomly divided into model group (n=48) and blank control group (n=12). The model group was intraperitoneally injected with diethylnitrosamine to establish hepatocellular carcinoma model, and the blank control group was injected equal amount of normal saline. After 14 weeks, the model group was equally divided into three groups, two of them received the Xiao Aiping injection at a low and high dose, respectively, and the rest of model group and the blank control group were injected with normal saline once per day for five days, lasting for consecutive four weeks. Liver specimens were collected at the nineteenth week, and the rat liver cancer and liver tissues were examined by pathology. In the hypoxic environment induced by CoCl₂ , the effect of Xiao Aiping injection on the migration ability of hepatocellular cancer SMMC?7721 and HepG2 cells was assessed by wound healing experiment, and the expression of IL?6 mRNA was detected by real?time PCR assay. Results Compared with the blank control group, hepatic tissue of the model group showed obvious hepatocellular carcinoma?like?changes indicating the successful establishment of hepatocellular carcinoma model. After treatment, compared with the model group, the pathological alterations of hepatic tissue of Xiao Aiping injection low and high doses groups were reduced, and were more obvious in the high dose group. Under hypoxic condition, Xiao Aiping injection obviously inhibited the migration of HepG2 cells and inhibited IL?6 expression in the liver tissues. With the same concentration, Xiao Aiping injection obviously inhibited the migration of SMMC?7721 cells, and showed an inhibiting trend of IL?6 mRNA expression, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Xiao Aiping injection can reduce the pathological changes of hepatocellular carcinoma in rat models induced by intermittent intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitresamine. In the chemically induced hypoxic environment, the effects of Xiao Aiping injection on the migration of SMMC?7721 and hepG2 cells are different. Downregulating the expression of IL?6 mRNA may be one of the mechanisms of migration inhibiting effects.

Abstract:Objective To explore the protective effect and mechanism of glycyrrhizic acid on hippocampal neuron injury in epileptic rat models. Methods The epileptic rat models were established by lithium and pilocarpine kindling. The successful models were randomly divided into epilepsy group and glycyrrhizic acid group. In addition, the rats without any treatment were used as the normal control group, with 12 rats in each group. Hippocampal neuron injury and apoptosis were detected by Nissl and TUNEL staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential in the hippocampal neurons of rats was detected by JC?1 method. The activity of aspartic acid protein hydrolase 3 (caspase 3) and caspase 9 was detected by colorimetric assay. The expressions of cleaved?caspase 3, 9, B lymphocyte tumor?2 (Bcl?2), Bcl?2 related X protein (Bax), cytochrome C (CytC) and apoptotic protease?activating factor (Apaf?1) protein in the hippocampal tissues of rats were detected by western blot assay. Results Compared with the normal group, the number of neurons was reduced ( P <0.01), the number of TUNEL?positive cells was increased ( P < 0.01), mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased ( P < 0.01), caspase 3 and 9 activity was increased ( P < 0.01), the expressions of Bcl?2 and mitochondrial CytC were down?regulated ( P < 0.01), the expressions of Bax, cytoplasm CytC and Apaf?1 were up?regulated ( P < 0.01) in the epilepsy group. Compared with the epilepsy group, the number of neurons was increased ( P < 0.01), the number of TUNEL?positive cells was reduced ( P < 0.01), mitochondrial membrane potential was increased ( P < 0.01), caspase 3and 9 activity was decreased ( P < 0.01), the expressions of Bcl?2 and mitochondrial CytC were up?regulated ( P <0.01), the expressions of Bax, cytoplasm CytC and Apaf?1 were down?regulated ( P < 0.01) in the glycyrrhizic acid group. Conclusions These results suggest that glycyrrhizic acid can inhibit the hippocampal neuron injury in epileptic rats by blocking the mitochondrial pathway.

Abstract:Objective To study the effect of age and sex on physiological and biochemical indexes of SJ5?SPF chickens at the age of different weeks. Methods Blood biochemical indexes of SJ5?SPF chickens at the age of different weeks were measured using an automatic blood analyzer, including 19 items: ALT, ALP, GGT, AST, LDH, TP, GLB, ALB, TB, DB, IBIL, GLU, TG, TCH, BUN, CRE, K+ , Na+ , and Ca2 + . At the same time, the body temperature (T), respiratory frequency (R), heart rate (HR), diastolic pressure (DBP) and systolic pressure (SBP) of the SJ5?SPF chickens were measured using a RM6240C multi?channel physiological signal acquisition and processing system. Results (1) Among the physiological parameters, the body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure showed significant differences between the 4?week old chickens and the chickens at ages of 20, 25, and 25 weeks ( P < 0.05), but there were significant differences between the males and females at the same weeks of age except body temperature. The diastolic blood pressure was only significantly different in the 40?week old male and female chickens ( P < 0.01). The heart rates showed significant differences between the male and female chickens at 4, 20 and 25 weeks of age ( P < 0.01). The respiratory rate and systolic blood pressure in the 4?week old male and female chickens were significantly different ( P < 0.05). (2) The 19 blood biochemical indexes showed significant differences between the male and female chickens: the GGT, ALT, AST, TB, DB, IBIL, GLU, BUN and Na+ at an week?age ( P < 0.05), the LDH, TP, GLB, ALB and CRE at two different week?ages ( P < 0.05), the ALP, TG and Ca2 + at three different week?ages ( P < 0.05), and the TCH and K+ at four different week?ages ( P < 0.05). Conclusions The above results can provide a scientific basis for diagnosis of SJ5?SPF chicken disease, animal quarantine and other related research.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of galectin?2, galectin?4, galectin?7, galectin?8, and galectin?9on the apoptosis in HIV?1?infected macrophages and to provide the theoretical and application basis for elimination of HIV?1?infected cellular reservoirs. Methods Firstly, apoptosis of human monocytic cell line THP?1 cells was induced bydifferent concentrations of galectins to determine the suitable concentration of different galetcins. Secondly, monocytes (THP?1) were stimulated to differentiate into macrophages (THP?1?Mφ) with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and then macrophages were prepared and infected with HIV?1. Finally, HIV?1?infected and uninfected macrophages were respectively treated with the suitable concentrations of galectin?2, galectin?4, galectin?7, galectin?8, galectin?9 and then the apoptosis in these macrophages was detected. Results The cell death rate of macrophages without treatment was 4.39 ±0.74%. The cell death rates of macrophages induced by 5 μmol/ L galectin?2, 5 μmol/ L galectin?4, 7.5 μmol/ L galectin?7, 3 μmol/ L galectin?8 and 1 μmol/ L galectin?9 were 4.78 ±0.41%, 7.21 ±1.46%, 3.78 ± 1.03%, 5.88 ±2.08%, 8.10 ±4.13%, respectively, with no statistically significant defferences among the groups ( P > 0.05). The cell death rate of HIV?1?infected macrophages without treatment was 12.69 ±1.16%, and that of HIV?1?infected macrophages induced by 5 μmol/ L galectin?2, 5 μmol/ L galectin?4, 7.5 μmol/ L galectin?7, 3 μmol/ L galectin?8 and 1 μmol/ L galectin?9 were 11.69 ±0.90%, 17.45 ±1.30%, 32.01 ±1.30%, 15.77 ±1.21% and 19.27 ±2.13%, respectively. There were significant differences between the control group and galectin?7?treated group ( P < 0.001). Conclusions Galectin?7?induces extensive apoptosis in HIV?1?infected macrophages but not in uninfected macrophages.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of TGF?β1 on the proliferation of lymphoma cells induced by M2 macrophages. Methods TGF?β1 was used to treat Jiyoye lymphoma cells, and MTT was used to determine the cell proliferation. Lymphoma cells were treated with M2 macrophage culture liquid supernatant and TGF?β1. MTT assay was used to assess the lymphoma cell proliferation, Transwell assay was used to assess the cell migration and invasion, and Western blot was perfomed to determine the levels of MMP?2, MMP?9, PCNA and Ki?67 proteins. Results The lymphoma cells after TGF?α treatment showed that the proliferation ability, the number of invaded cells and the number of migrated cells, and the levels of MMP?2, MMP?9, PCNA and Ki?67 were significantly decreased, compared with the untreated lymphoma cells ( P < 0.05). After treated with the supernatant of M2 type macrophage culture supernatant, the proliferation ability of lymphoma cells, the number of invaded cells and migrated cells, the levels of MMP?2, MMP?9, PCNA and Ki?67 proteins were significantly increased, compared with the untreated lymphoma cells ( P < 0.05). Compared with the lymphoma cells treated with culture medium supernatant of M2 macrophages alone, the lymphoma cells treated with TGF?β1 and M2 macrophage culture medium supernatant showed that the proliferation ability, number of invaded and migrated cells, and the protein levels of MMP?2, MMP?9, PCNA and Ki?67 were significantly increased ( P <0.05). Conclusions TGF?β1 can reduce the proliferation, invasion and migration of lymphoma cells induced by macrophages. The mechanism of action is related to the expression of MMP?2, MMP?9, PCNA and Ki?67 proteins.

Abstract:Objective To observe the effect of ossotide injection on bone mineral density (BMD), bone microstructure and biomechanical properties and mRNA expression of small intestinal calcium binding protein (CaBp?D9K), and to study the mechanism of ossotide injection in the treatment of ovariectomized osteoporosis. Methods Forty?eight 3?month old SPF male rats with successful modeling (excision of bilateral ovaries) were randomly divided into theobservation group and model group, 24 normal rats were divided into sham operation group (excised part of the mesenteric membrane), and 24 normal blank group. The blank group, sham operation group and model group were given normal saline, and the observation group was intragastrically given 1.1 mg/ kg ossotide. Two months after intervention, the bone volume (BV), trabecular bone volume (Tb. Th), trabecular number (Tb. N), trabecular separation (Tb. Sp), bone mineral density, bone biomechanics, serum 1,25 (OH)2 D3 levels and CaBp?D9K mRNA expression levels of small intestine were assessed and statistically analyzed. Results The bone mineral density, maximum load, fracture load, BV, Tb. Th, Tb. N, serum 1,25 (OH) 2D3 and intestinal CaBp?D9K mRNA expression level in the model group were significantly lower than those of the control group and sham operation group ( P < 0.05), Tb. Sp of the model group was significantly higher than that of the control group and sham operation group ( P < 0.05). The bone mineral density, maximum load, fracture load, BV, Tb. Th, Tb. N, serum 1,25(OH)2D3 and intestinal CaBp?D9K mRNA expression level in the observation group were significantly higher than those of the model operation group, and the Tb. Sp of the observation group was lower than that of the model group ( P < 0.05). Conclusions Ossotide injection treatment can reduce the degree of osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats, increasing intestinal CaBp?D9k mRNA expression and promoting intestinal calcium absorption may be its important mechanisms of action.

Abstract:Objective To study the influence of semen platycladi saponins on oxidative stress response of hippocampus of rat model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and to explore the neuroprotective mechanism of semen platyclade saponins (SPS) on AD model rats. Methods Sixty SPF 24?week old female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: the normal control group, AD model group, and SPS intervention group. The rats of AD model group and SPS group were injected with Aβ _1?42 in bilateral hippocampi to produce AD animal models. After the successful establishment of AD model, the AD model group and the normal control group received 5 mL saline sodium with carboxymethyl cellulose (500 mg/ kg) orally, daily for 30 days. The SPS group received orally 5 mL normal saline with 300 mg/ kg SPS daily for 30 days. The learning and memory function of the rats were assessed by Morris water maze test, and the levels of MAD, SOD and GSH in the hippocampal tissues of model rats were detected with biochemistry. The expressions of Bcl?2, survivin, Fas, Bax, caspase?3 proteins and mRNA in the hippocampi of AD model rats were detected by western blotting. ResultsCompared with the control group and SPS group, the rats in AD model group displayed a longer search time and shorter percentage of search distance ( P < 0.01). There was a longer search time and lower percentage of search distance of the SPS groups than the control group ( P < 0.01). The positioning experiment showed that rats in the control group learned to find the platform within 2.1 days, indicating that the latency was rapidly decreased. MDA in the SPS intervention group was significantly decreased than in the AD model group ( P < 0.01), but increased than the normal control group ( P <0.01). The expressions of SOD and GSH were significantly increased in the SPS group than the model group ( P < 0.01). The expressions of Bcl?2 and survivin were significantly increased in the SPS group than the model group ( P < 0.01), but lower than the normal control group ( P < 0.05). The expressions of Fas, Bax and caspase?3 were decreased in the SPS intervention group ( P < 0.01), but increased than the normal control group ( P < 0.05). Conclusions Semen platycladi saponins can protect the neurons and improve the cognition function of AD model rats by inhibiting oxidative stress response and enhancing the antioxidant mechanism in the hypocampus.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effectiveness of three different anesthetic techniques in intraventricular catheterization and its effect on the survival rate of rats. Methods Thirty Wistar rats were equally allocated into 3 groups: chloral hydrate group,pentobarbital sodium group and isoflurane group. Intraventricular catheterization was performed in the rats after anesthesia with i. p. injection of chloral hydrate and pentobarbital sodium, and isoflurane inhalation, respectively. Levels of blood glucose were detected before and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 days after anesthesia. Body mass and 24?hour food intake were recorded before and at 1, 3, 7 days after anesthesia. The onset time and effective time of anesthesia, operation time and the survival rates on 30 days of the rats were compared and analyzed. Results The onset time and effective time of anesthesia, and the operation time in the isoflurane group were shorter than that in the chloral hydrate group, while these parameters in this group were shorter than that in the pentobarbital sodium group. Blood glucose in the chloral hydrate group was apparently increased during the surgical operation, while the body mass, 24?hour food intake and blood glucose were decreasing since one day after operation, and all the rats in this group died during the 30?day observation, mainly, due to enteroplegia. Blood glucose in the pentobarbital sodium group was mildly increased after anesthesia, while the body mass, 24?hour food intake and blood glucose were mildly decreased at one day after operation and recovered within one week. In this group, 3 rats died of respiratory distress due to overdose anesthesia and one rat died during the 30 day?observation. The blood glucose in the isoflurane group was mildly increased after operation, while the 24?hour food intake and blood glucose did not markedly changed, the body mass was stably increased, and no rat died during the 30?day?observation. Conclusions Intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate is not suitable for intraventricular catheterization in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium can be only carefully applied for intraventricular catheterization under poorly?limited conditions. Isoflurane inhalation anesthesia is recommended for intraventricular catheterization in rats.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the characteristics of three blood sampling method in quails. Methods 300 healthy 5?week old male quails were randomly divided into 3 groups: blood samples were taken from the wing root vein, the left jugular vein, and the right jugular vein, respectively, 100 quails in each group. The advantages and disadvantages of the three methods of blood sampling were compared, including the difficulty of blood collecting, the quality of blood serum obtained, the amount of bleeding after venepuncture, and the general condition of the quails after blood collection. ResultsAll quails survived well. The right jugular vein was relatively small, and the quality of obtained serum was good, the bleeding amount after blood collection was small, the wound was easy to recover, and the general condition of the quails was good. The left jugular vein method was a little bit more difficult to collect blood, the quality of the obtained serum was good, the bleeding amount of quails after blood collection was larger, and the general state post puncture was rather good. The blood collection from the wing root vein was relatively difficult, with more massive bleeding after the vein puncture, therefore, is not suitable for large amount blood collection. Conclusions Blood samples in a large amount can be collected from both the right or left jugular veins. Small quantity of blood samples can be collected by either one of the three method.

Abstract:Objective To purify marmoset serum IgG, prepare and identify the antiserum and the rabbit anti?marmoset antibody IgG?HRP (horseradish peroxidase). Methods Using SDS?PAGE analysis to identify the serum IgG from HiTrap ^TM Protein G. The antiserum titer was determined by double immunodiffusion assay. The rabbit anti?marmoset IgG was labeled with HRP by improved sodium periodate method. ELISA and western blotting were used to evaluate the concentration and specificity of rabbit anti?marmoset IgG?HRP. Results The purity of purified marmoset serum IgG determined by SDS?PAGE was higher than 95%, and the anti?serum titer of the anti?marmoset IgG polyclonal antibody was 1∶ 64. The concentration of rabbit anti?marmoset IgG?HRP identified by direct ELISA was 1∶ 256 000, and that by western?blotting was 1∶ 15 000, with a strong specificity. ConclusionsThe IgG?HRP marker antibody is prepared and the specificity and concentration are identified by ELISA and western blotting. It reserves the resources for the detection system of marmoset pathogens and the molecular immunological testing system.

Abstract:Objective To explore a method to prepare a model of renal ischemia?reperfusion injury, with mild injury to animals, simple and easy to operate and stable effectiveness. Methods Healthy SD male rats were randomly divided into normal group (group C), sham?operated group (group S) and experimental group (IR group). Rats in the experimental group received a median incision in the middle of the back skin. Through the muscle fascia of each side on the back into the bilateral retroperitoneal space, the bilateral renal pedicles were separated, and closed for 50 min with a mini artery clamp without injury, and then the blood perfusion of the bilateral renal pedicles was resumed by releasing the mini artery clamp. Except that the rats of sham operation group were not blocked the renal pedicle, the rest of the operating steps were consistent with the experimental group. The normal group rats were not treated except for anesthesia. To observe the condition of the rats, serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and pathologyical changes in the kidney tissues at 24 h after operating. Results Skin incision was 2.24 ± 0.27 cm in the group IR, the right incision of lumbar dorsal fascia and muscle was 1.36 ±0.21 cm, and the left incision was 1.36 ±0.24 cm. The operation time was 3.30 ±0.37 min from incising skin to clamping the bilateral kidney pedicles. The successful rate of model preparation reached 95% in the IR group. Compared with the groups C and S, the levels of SCr and BUN were remarkably increased in the IR group ( P <0.01), and renal tubular necrosis scores were also significantly increased ( P < 0.05). Conclusions The rat model of renal ischemia?reperfusion injury is established by clamping bilateral renal pedicles via dorsal retroperitoneal incision. This surgical procedure is stable and simple, with a high success rate and small incision, less bleeding, and minimal animal injury.

Abstract:Oral cancer is not only a serious threat to human health and life but also its incidence rate has been increasing year by year. Oral cancer animal model is indispensable for the research of clinical diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer. Therefore, it is of great importance to establish an animal model of disease which is similar to the natural occurrence of human oral cancer and to study its pathogenesis, prevention and treatment. At present, animal models of oral cancer mainly include spontaneous animal model, induced animal model and genetically modified animal model. The research progress, current problems and the future development perspectives of animal models of oral cancer in recent years are summarized in this paper.

Abstract:Viral infection is the main death cause of infectious diseases in China. The establishment of an animal model to mimic the progression of viral infectious diseases in humans is of great significance to the study of pathogenesis and prevention of viral infectious diseases. As a new animal model established and developed in recent years, tree shrew has showed obvious advantages and potentials compared with other non?human primates and mice which are commonly used as virus?infected animal models. In this paper, the biological advantages of tree shrew as a novel animal model of viral infectious diseases are summarized, including taxonomy, physiology and immunology. In addition, the latest application of tree shrew in the research of many viral infectious diseases such as hepatitis virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus and enterovirus infections are compared and summarized.

Abstract:HIV latent reservoirs are the latent cells and tissues of HIV under the pressure of immune responses and antiviral therapy. Although HIV infection is effectively controlled by the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the viral load in the plasma is suppressed to a low level which are undetectable by most clinical measures, HAART is not able to completely eradicate the virus in the reservoirs. The viral rebound occurs when antiviral therapy is ceased. Therefore, the eradication of HIV reservoirs is a major challenge for the therapy of AIDS. In this paper, we will focus on the strategies of eradication of AIDS latent reservoirs.

Abstract:Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a central nervous system(CNS)?related disorder. There is yet no successful treatment for this issue at present. Cell?based therapies have been explored for SCI restoration, including the use of pluripotent human stem cells, and a number of adult?derived stem and mature cells such as mesenchymal stem cells, olfactory ensheathing cells. However, cell transplantation is often hampered by the poor cell survival in the treatment of spinal cord injuries. Alternatively, the therapeutic role of different cells has been used in tissue engineering approaches by engrafting cells with biomaterials. The latter have the advantages of physically mimicking the CNS tissue, while promoting a more permissive environment for cell survival, growth, and differentiation. The roles of both cell transplantation and biomaterial?based therapies as single therapeutic approaches for SCI repair will be discussed in this review.