Abstract:Objective To explore the toxic effects of formaldehyde using the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cellline as an in vitro model of nerve cells, and to provide a scientific basis for the mechanism by which formaldehyde damagesneuronal cells. Methods SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with formaldehyde at different concentrations (controlgroup, 0. 05 mmol/ L, 0. 1 mmol/ L, 0. 25 mmol/ L, 0. 5 mmol/ L, and 1 mmol/ L). Cell scratch test, high-powermicroscopy, and CTG cell activity assay were used to detect the effect of formaldehyde on cell migration, morphology, andsurvival, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of formaldehyde on apoptosis, while ultrastructuralchanges were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Expression levels of phosphorylated tau, amyloid β, andmitochondrial fission-associated proteins were detected by western blotting. Results The migratory ability of SH-SY5Ycells was inhibited by even low (0. 05 mmol/ L) concentrations of formaldehyde, and the survival and proliferation of cellswas reduced by 0. 1 mmol/ L for 4 h. These changes were positively correlated with the dosage and duration of formaldehyde.Indeed, 0. 05 mmol/ L formaldehyde could induce the apoptosis and mitochondrial injury in the SH-SYSY cells, whereas,0. 25 mmol/ L formaldehyde increased mitochondrial fission and upregulated the expression level of phosphorylated tauprotein in the neuronal cells. Conclusions Formaldehyde can damage the neuronal cells, as it inhibites cell activity andproliferation of SH-SY5Y cells, reduces their migratory ability, and induces apoptosis. Moreover, formaldehyde upregulates the phosphorylation level of tau protein in neurons.

Abstract:Objective To explore the effect of FOXO 3 A on hematopoietic system damage induced by irradiationexposure in FOXO 3 A-knockout mice. Methods FOXO 3 A^{-/ -} and WT mice were divided into four groups: wild-type control(WT), FOXO 3 A^{-/ -} control ( FOXO 3 A^{-/ -} ), wild-type irradiation (WT+IR), and FOXO 3 A^{-/ -} irradiation ( FOXO 3 A^{-/ -} +IR). Mice received 4 Gy X-ray total body irradiation (TBI) at a dose rate of 0. 9 Gy/ min. Fourteen days later, peripheralblood measurements, bone marrow cell counts, organ index, bone marrow cell phenotyping, and CFU-GM of hematopoieticprogenitor cells were quantified. Results Under physiological conditions, bone marrow nucleated cell counts weredecreased and proportions of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) were increased in FOXO 3 A^{-/ -} mice ( P < 0. 05). Theseresults indicate an increased decline in the proportion of HPCs/ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and reduced number ofbone-marrow nucleated cells and colony forming unit-granulocyte and macrophage (CFU-GM) ( P < 0. 001) in FOXO 3 A^{-/ -}mice 14 days after 4 Gy X-ray TBI. Conclusions FOXO 3 A gene knockout damaged the homeostatic maintenance of thehematopoietic system, and aggravated HPC and HSC injury in TBI mice. The role of FOXO 3 A in regulation of hematopoietic system damage induced by radiation exposure and clinical translation remain to be further studied

Abstract:Objective In the traditional high-frequency atrial pacing modeling method , we innovatively used fineelectrode wires, advanced catheter control system and implantable electrocardiogram ( ECG) monitor to track atrialfibrillation, to observe the efficiency and safety of the atrial fibrillation model. Methods Twelve adult beagle dogs wererandomly divided into control group (n =6) and atrial fibrillation model group (AF group, n =6). The SelectSecure systemwas used to implant a thin bipolar solid electrode wire 3830, the diameter of which is only 4. 1 Fr, active fixed electrodes inthe AF group, and connect the special atrial fibrillation model pacemaker to establish the atrial high-frequency pacingsystem. After the operation, rapid atrial pacing under the AOO pacing mode was used to establish the atrial fibrillationmodel, and the implantable ECG monitor, Reveal LINQ tracker, was used to track the occurrence of atrial fibrillation inreal time. Color echocardiography was used to examine the echocardiogram of the experimental dogs with a probe emissionfrequency of 2. 5 MHz. The end-systolic atrial area of the left and right atria was measured by echocardiography through thefour apical chambers. The left atrium tissue was observed by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Results Two dogsdied in the experiment and the other 10 dogs completed the experiment. The time it took to establish a successful atrialfibrillation was 10. 63 ± 2. 13 weeks. After establishment of the atrial fibrillation model, the pacemaker atrial stimulationfrequency for the high-frequency atrial fibrillation model was 588. 75 ± 11. 26 beats/ min under the AOO mode. Theimplantable ECG monitor used in this study was accurate and efficient, and can record the AF load dynamically. After theatrial fibrillation model establishment, the left and right atrial areas significantly increased (8. 20 ± 0. 83 cm² vs. 3. 80 ±0. 08 cm², P < 0. 05, and 4. 52 ± 0. 44 cm² vs. 2. 75 ± 0. 96 cm², P < 0. 001, respectively). Furthermore, the left atrialarea of the AF group was larger than that of the control group (8. 20 ± 0. 83 cm² vs. 3. 72 ± 0. 15 cm², P < 0. 05) and theright atrium area was larger than before modeling (4. 52 ± 0. 44 cm² vs. 2. 78 ± 0. 18 cm², P < 0. 05). Morphologicalobservation of left atrial tissue sections from the atrial fibrillation model dogs and control dogs indicated that the atrialstructure of the atrial fibrillation experimental dogs had been reconstructed. Conclusions A stable atrial fibrillation modelwas successfully established by high-frequency atrial pacing. The SelectSecure system was used to implant 3830 bipolarsolid atrial pacemaker electrodes. This method accurately implants electrodes and improves the success rate of electrodeimplantation in experimental dogs. Real-time and dynamic monitoring of the atrial fibrillation load with an implantable ECG monitor, Reveal LINQ, improves the efficiency and accuracy of experimental monitoring.

Abstract:Objective To observe various indexes (GFR, ADC, SUV, and CT value) of the kidney of femalerhesus monkey in different age groups, and explore the influence of age on these indexes. Methods Seventeen femalerhesus monkeys of different ages were selected and divided into juvenile, adult, and old groups. BUN, Cre, and UA weredetected in each rhesus monkey. SPECT/ CT, MRI, and PET/ CT were performed and GFR, ADC, SUV_max, SUV_mean, andCT values were measured by workstation. A t test was used for comparison of indicators of left and right kidneys, whileANOVA was used for renal indicators among different age groups. Correlations between renal serologic indicators and GFRwere analyzed by Pearson analysis. Results GFR_L, GFR_R, GFR_total, and ADC values in old female rhesus monkeys weresignificantly reduced compared with adult and juvenile groups ( all P < 0. 05). However, there were no significantdifferences in GFR_L, GFR_R, GFR_total, or ADC values between the left and right kidneys of all age groups (all P > 0. 05).There were no significant differences in SUV_max, SUV_mean, or CT values between the right and left kidneys of each agegroup, or among the three age groups (all P > 0. 05). BUN, Cre, and UA were not significantly different among the threeage groups (all P > 0. 05). Correlation analysis results showed that BUN and Cre were moderately correlated with GFR_total(r=0. 56, -0. 56, all P < 0. 05). However, there was no significant correlation between UA and GFR_total ( P > 0. 05).Conclusions This study provides a reference for quantitative analysis of rhesus monkey renal function by SPECT/ CTmolecular functional imaging, and provides basic data for scientific experiments involving rhesus monkey kidney as the gold standard for evaluation of renal function.

Abstract:Objective To establish a rat model of atherosclerosis with qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome, toprovide an evaluation tool for a pharmacodynamic study of Traditional Chinese Medicine formulas. Methods According torelevant materials and references, we extracted diagnosis and treatment indicators for evaluating rat models of atherosclerosiswith qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome. Simvastatin tablets and Tongmai granules were used as verification drugs.Based on the etiology and pathogenesis together with modern research on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, we used coinductionmethod in an ice-water bath, followed by fat emulsion gavage and injection of bovine serum albumin via the tailvein, to establish a rat model of atherosclerosis with qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome. We examined the symptomsand signs and assessed the scores of rats in each group. We also measured the blood lipids and coagulation levels, detectedthe pathological changes in the ascending aorta of rats in each group after 8 weeks, and performed model establishementpre-testing. After the model was successfully established, intervention with verification drugs was performed, and the bloodlipids and the coagulation levels were measured, followed by examination of the pathological changes in ascending aorta andhepatic tissue of the rats. Results After 21 weeks, the rats’ symptoms and signs were significantly altered, the blood lipidlevels and fibrinogen levels were significantly increased, the activated partial prothrombin duration was significantlyreduced, and lipid deposition occurred in the ascending aorta intima. Furthermore, we observed vacuolation anddegeneration of hepatocytes, which was consistent with the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis with qi stagnation andblood stasis syndrome. Compared with the model group, the blood lipids level and fibrinogen content were significantlydecreased, and no obvious abnormalities were found in the ascending aorta intima and hepatic tissue of rats in the drugverificationgroup. Conclusions The rat model of atherosclerosis with qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome isestablished by co-induction method in an ice-water bath, fat emulsion gavage and injection of bovine serum albumin via thetail vein for continuous modeling over 21 weeks. This model has the characteristics of a high modeling rate and have clinicalsymptoms and signs. Thus, it may provide an evaluation tool for the pharmacodynamic studies of Traditional Chinese Medicine formulas against atherosclerosis with qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome.

Abstract:Objective To study the rapid diabetes modeling with KK feed and its effect on related indexes in KK/Upj-A^Y / J mice. Methods Male and female (40 each) KK/ Upj-A^Y / J mice were divided into four groups: common feedgroup (male and female each 10), KK feed group (male and female each 10), fasting blood glucose group fed commonfeed (male and female each 10), and fasting blood glucose group fed KK feed (male and female each 10). The mice werefed from the age of 3 weeks to 23 weeks. Weight and fasting blood glucose values were measured each week. At the end ofthe experiment serum and organ tissue samples were collected for biochemical analysis, pathological examination using HEand special stainings were used for pathological analysis, the pancreas tissues was stained using an insulin IHC method ,and the liver with PAS and the kidney with PASM staining. Results KK feed significantly promoted the body weight gain,increased the fasting blood glucose, and the serum ALT content ( P < 0. 05). In the KK feed group, the CRE level infemale mice and the CHO level in male mice were significantly increased ( P < 0. 05), however, there was no significanteffect on the CHO level in female mice. At the end of the feeding experiment, there were obvious changes in the pancreaticpathology in female mice, but there was no significant change in males. KK Feed significantly promoted steatosis in livercells from the KK/ Upj-A^Y / J mice. Compared with the C57BL/6 J mice, the renal pathological changes in KK/ Upj-A^Y / Jmice at the end of the experiment were mainly tubular type, interstitial glomerulonephritis and perivascular inflammation.The glomerular mesangial matrix was significantly increased in the KK/ Upj-A^Y / J mice. The degree of renal lesion was moreobvious in the KK feed group. Compared with the control group (C57BL/6 J mice), the renal PASM staining showed thatthe glomerular basement membrane in the other two groups had no dark brown substance deposition, indicating thedestruction of the glomerular basement membrane structure. Conclusions KK feed promotes diabetic organ injury,increases the fasting blood glucose value and body weight, shortens the modeling time and improves the uniformity of modeling in KK/ Upj-A^Y / J mice.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of lamotrigine on P-glycoprotein (PGP) and major vault protein(MVP) expression, and amino acid contents in the hippocampus of rats with chronic epilepsy. Methods Specificpathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats were used as model, low-dose lamotrigine (5 mg/ kg), and high-dose lamotrigine(10 mg/ kg) groups. In addition, healthy rats (n = 15) were used as a control group. All groups were intragastricallyadministered the drug for 25 days. Rats in the model and control groups were administered normal saline at a dose of 1 mL/100 g. Behavioral characteristics and body mass of all rats before and after treatment were recorded. Seizure duration andbrain waves after treatment were also recorded. PGP and MVP were detected in the hippocampi by immunohistochemistryand western blot. Aspartate (Asp), glutamate (Glu), and glycine (Gly) contents in hippocampi were detected by highperformanceliquid chromatography. Results Rats in the control group showed normal behaviors, while chronic epilepsymodel group rats exhibited reduced activity, chewing, rhythmic nodding, upward motions of the head and neck, andforelimb clonic seizures; moreover, a few rats exhibited a vertical tail or tail shot. Rats in the two lamotrigine-treated groupsgradually transitioned from early upward motions of the head and neck, and forelimb clonic seizures to piloerection of thehair and mouth and facial muscles, with rare vertical tails or tail shots. Before treatment, body weights of the model groupand two lamotrigine-treated groups were significantly decreased compared with the control group ( P < 0. 05). Aftertreatment, body mass, electroencephalogram frequency, and Gly contents in the hippocampus were significantly decreased( P < 0. 05 ) in the lamotrigine-treated groups compared with the control group; whereas seizure duration,electroencephalogram amplitude, and hippocampal contents of Asp, Glu, PGP, and MVP were increased ( P < 0. 05).Compared with the model group, body mass, electroencephalogram frequency, and Gly contents in the hippocampus weresignificantly increased ( P < 0. 05); whereas seizure duration, electroencephalogram amplitude, and hippocampal contentsof Asp, Glu, PGP, and MVP were significantly decreased ( P < 0. 05) in the two lamotrigine-treated groups in a dosedependentmanner. Conclusions Lamotrigine can be used to treat chronic epilepsy by reducing PGP and MVP, and improving amino acid levels in the hippocampus.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of juxtaposed with another zinc finger 1 (JAZF1) on proliferationand apoptosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) BCPAP cells and its possible mechanism. Methods BCPAP cellswere divided into negative control group (NC group), Adv-GFP group and Adv-JAZF1-GFP group, which were not infectedor infected with recombinant adenoviruses Adv-GFP or Adv-JAZF1-GFP, respectively. The total RNA and protein of eachgroup were extracted 48 h after infection. The relative JAZF1 mRNA and protein expressions were determined by real-timefluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting, and the growth and proliferation of cells were examinedby the MTT and clone formation assays. Annexin V-FITC/ PI double staining was used to determine the apoptosis of cells ineach group by flow cytometry. The relative protein expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, PPAR-γ, PI3K, Akt and p-Akt weredetermined by Western blotting. Results Compared with the NC and Adv-GFP groups, the relative JAZF1 mRNA andprotein expression in the experimental group was significantly upregulated ( P < 0. 001), the proliferation ability wassignificantly inhibited ( P < 0. 01), and the clone formation ability was decreased ( P < 0. 001).The Annexin V-FITC/ PIdouble staining results showed that the apoptosis rate of the Adv-JAZF1-GFP group (23. 02 ± 0. 35%) was significantlyincreased than the NC group (8. 63 ± 0. 40%) and the Adv-GFP group (7. 95 ± 0. 32%) ( P < 0. 001). Compared withNC and Adv-GFP groups, the expression level of Bcl-2 was significantly downregulated by 66. 0% and the expression of Baxwas upregulated by 64. 8% in the Adv-JAZF1-GFP group ( P < 0. 001). Furthermore, the p-PI3K/ PI3K and pAkt/ Aktratios were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared with the controls ( P < 0. 001). Conclusions JAZF1 may play an important role in the development of papillary thyroid cancer by regulating the Bcl-2/ Bax pathway topromote apoptosis and by regulating the PI3K/ Akt signaling pathway to inhibit the proliferation of BCPAP cells.

Abstract:Objective To investigate appropriate nutritional intervention measures to reduce the adverse effects onexperimental tree shrews caused by stress responses after long-distance transport. Methods First, based on their diet inthe wild, we fed healthy adult tree shrews fresh fruits and vegetables in our center, recorded their weight change, activestate, and the amounts of residual food, to find the optimal combination of nutritional options that meet their energyexpenditure demands and food preference. Next, tree shrews which were after long-distance transportation stress wererandomly divided into three groups, and put on nutrition programs, containing conventional feed and adequate amounts offruit and vegetables, to evaluate whether the nutritional intervention method is effective. To this end, we analyzed theirsurvival rate, mental state and weight change. Results Tree shrews prefer fruits with higher sugar content such as applesand pears. Mealworm had a significant effect on the weight gain of tree shrews ( P = 0. 019). An adult male tree shrewconsumes about 60 g of Fuji apples + 10 g of dry breadworm + 15 g of standard feed a day. The mortality of tree shrews canbe effectively reduced by nutritional intervention ( P = 0. 02). Conclusions The nutritional intervention program reducesthe mortality of tree shrews during stress responses after long-distance transportation, and helps the recovery of their mental state.

Abstract:Objective A human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HCCLM3-Luc) stably expressing a luciferasereporter gene was used to establish an orthotopic mouse model. Methods An imaging system for living animals was used toquantitatively analyze the bioluminescence intensity of HCCLM3-Luc cells, which reflects the luciferase activity in cells.Then, the linear correlation between the photon quantity generated by HCCLM3-Luc luciferase and the number of HCCLM3-Luc cells was explored. The nude mouse model of orthotopic human hepatocellular carcinoma was constructed by in situinoculation of HCCLM3-Luc tumor tissue in the hepatic lobe or injection with HCCLM3-Luc cell suspension through the tailvein. The two methods were evaluated and compared based on the tumor formation rate, the time of formation and thechange of tumor shape. Results The bioluminescence intensity of the cells was positively correlated with the number ofcells (correlation coefficient R² = 0. 9989, linear equation: Y = 1155. 8X + 1× 10⁶ ), and the average ROI value wasapproximately 140 photons/ s per cell. Conclusions In this study, an orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma-bearing mousemodel using a bioluminescent human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was established. The tumor growth was assessed by measuring the bioluminescence in real time using the IVIS Lumina XR Imaging System.

Abstract:Objective To examine the effect of a compound Chinese medicine prescription (provided by theBeijing Hongtianli pharmaceuticals)on the lung injury induced by influenza virus A/ PR/8/ H1N1 in mice. Methods Ninetyfemale BALB/ c mice were randomly divided into six groups: normal control group, virus control group, Amantadinehydrochloride group, and compound Chinese herbal medicine high dose group, medium dose group and low dose group (n=15 in each group). After intragastric administration of the drugs for 2 days, the infection model of influenza virus A/ PR/8/H1N1 was established in mice by an intranasal challenge; the normal control group was injected with saline. Four hours later,each group was intragastrically administrated with different doses of medicine or saline, which were continuously given oncedaily for 5 days. The lung index of BALB/ c mice in each group was calculated on the 5th day of infection, thehemagglutination titer of lung tissue homogenate was measured, and the pathological changes of the lung tissue was observed.Results Compared with the virus control group, the lung index in the Amantadine hydrochloride group and the medium dosecompound Chinese medicine dose group was significantly decreased ( P < 0. 01). This index was also decreased in the low andhigh dose herbal compound groups ( P < 0. 05). The lung tissue viral hemagglutination titer was significantly decreased ( P <0. 01) in mice of all drug groups. The pathological changes in lung tissues in mice of all drug groups to a different degree.Conclusions The compound Chinese medicine prescription used in this study decreases the mean lung index and mean hemagglutination titer, and also improve the repair of lung injury in mice infected with influenza A/ PR/8/ H1N1.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of B cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) overexpression onproliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells and to elucidate the mechanism. Methods The expression of BTG1mRNA and protein in the human pancreatic cancer cell lines, PANC-1, AsPC-1 and BxPc-3, and in the normal pancreaticductal epithelial cell line, H6C7, was determined by qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. BxPc-3 cells culturedin vitro were divided into a control group (untransfected), pcDNA3. 1 group (transfected with an empty pcDNA3. 1 vector)and BTG1 group (transfected with pcDNA3. 1-BTG1 overexpression plasmid). At 48 h after transfection, the transfectioneffects were examined by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and invasion ability ineach group were measured by MTT assay, flow cytometry and Transwell chamber, respectively. The expression of cell cycleprotein D1 (cyclin D1), cyclin B1, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 was determined by Western blotting.Results Compared with the H6C7 cells, the expression levels of BTG1 mRNA and proteins in PANC-1, AsPC-1 andBxPc-3 cells were significantly decreased ( P < 0. 05), and the most significant difference was observed in the BxPc-3 cells.Compared with the control group, the proliferation, invasiveness, the percentage of cells in S phase and the proteinexpression of cyclin D1, cyclin B1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the BTG1 group were significantly decreased, while thepercentage of cells in G0/ G1 phase was significantly increased ( P < 0. 05). There was no significant difference between thepcDNA3. 1 group and the control group in cell proliferation, invasiveness, cell cycle distribution and expression of theabovementioned proteins ( P > 0. 05). Conclusions BTG1 overexpression inhibits the proliferation and invasion ofpancreatic cancer cells, and its mechanism may be associated with downregulation of cyclin D1, cyclin B1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein expression.

Abstract:Objective To compare the changes in physiological parameters after cardiac arrest (CA) caused byintravenous potassium chloride or transesophageal-chest wall electrical stimulation in rabbits. Methods According to arandom number table, 20 New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two different induction groups: a potassium chloridegroup with CA induced by bullet-type intravenous injection of 10% potassium chloride (0. 3 mL/ kg), and an electricalstimulation group with CA induced by transesophageal-chest wall electrical stimulation with 35 mA alternating current. Fiveminutes after CA, conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was initiated. Time spent inducing CA, time spent onCPR, rate of restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), blood gas and blood lactic acid levels 1 h after ROSC, and72-h survival rate after resuscitation were compared. Results CA was successfully induced in all 20 rabbits. Comparedwith the electrical stimulation group, time spent inducing CA (9. 90 ± 2. 47 vs. 27. 40 ± 6. 48 s, P < 0. 01) and timespent on CPR (61. 61 ± 26. 51 vs. 132. 00 ± 18. 55 s, P < 0. 01) were significantly shorter in the potassium chloridegroup. Nine rabbits exhibited ROSC in each group. Seventy-two hours after ROSC, eight rabbits in the potassium chloridegroup survived, while five rabbits survived in the electrical stimulation group. Compared with the electrical stimulationgroup, pH (7. 38 ± 0. 06 vs. 7. 29 ± 0. 11, P < 0. 05) and HCO₃^-(21. 86 ± 3. 65 vs. 18. 32 ± 2. 61 mmol/ L, P < 0. 05)levels of the potassium chloride group were significantly increased, while the level of lactic acid (1. 77 ± 0. 77 vs. 5. 39 ±3. 40 mmol/ L, P < 0. 01) was significantly reduced. Partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and K⁺were not significantly different. Conclusions Compared with transesophageal-chest wall electrical stimulation, potassiumchloride may be more convenient to induce CA in rabbits, as physiological parameters after ROSC are more stable and the long-term survival rate is higher.

Abstract:With the expansion of single facilities in the Chinese laboratory animal industry, optimal cage washingmethod are becoming more important. The current study investigates the configuration of cage washing machines in China,where 66 facilities have been equipped with washers, of which 67% are equipped with two or more types. Many factors needto be considered for cage washers, cage and rack washers and tunnel washing machines during the design stage of newlybuiltfacilities, and these factors are discussed in the current study. Washing equipment is the foundation of laboratoryanimal facilities, and in the future, automatic washers will be another milestone in the development of laboratory animal facilities in China.

Abstract:The genetic quality of laboratory animals directly influences the credibility of biomedical researchresults. The diversity of the genetic quality control methods directly affect the level of genetic quality assessment. Thepurpose of this study was to provide a monitoring method for genetic quality control of laboratory mice and rats that willovercome the limitations of the current method and the gap in the field. This method will improve the genetic quality monitoring level of laboratory animals in China.

Abstract:Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. The main pathological marker,termed Lewy bodies (LBs), is a globular inclusion in the visible part of the substantia nigra pars compacta. The maincomponent of LBs is a partially hollow radial amyloid fiber, and the main component of the amyloid fiber is α-synuclein(AS). AS has a close association with the occurrence of PD and is a key protein in the study of PD pathogenesis. The ASfibrils have unique propagation characteristics and can induce a series of features similar to PD pathology, thus they can beused as a new material for efficient PD model establishment. This paper reviews the research progress of PD models based on AS fibrils.

Abstract:Aging is an inevitable outcome for all organisms. Researchers are exploring how to delay senescence andreduce the incidences of age-related diseases, prolong life-span and improve the quality of life in old age. Establishing aginganimal models that show aging phenotypes similar to those of humans is an effective way to explore the mechanisms ofhuman aging and research of anti-aging drugs. There are various animal models, such as nematodes, rodents and primates.In recent years, different types of genetically modified mice have emerged. At the same time, researchers have started touse animal models with different life-spans to conduct comparative studies. As aging is a complex biological process withmany influencing factors, only by conducting fully comparative medical research can we better transform the research results of aging and guarantee healthier aging of human beings.

Abstract:Vascular adventitia is an active participant in atherosclerosis, and its role in the occurrence anddevelopment of atherosclerosis cannot be ignored. Prior to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions, inflammatory responsessuch as inflammatory cell infiltration, fibroblast proliferation and migration, and vasa vasorum proliferation appeared in thevascular adventitia, which may initiate or accelerate the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. In this article,changes and effects of vascular tissue and cell components in the formation and development of atherosclerosis, as well as progress for atherosclerosis animal models based on adventitia inflammation, were reviewed.

Abstract:Although available human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines can effectively prevent HPV infection, thereis still no effective treatment for individuals who are already infected. HPV exhibits species-specific tropism, therebylimiting understanding and research on HPV infection and carcinogenesis, and there are not ideal animal models, inparticular mouse models, for HPV infection. In 2011,mouse papillomavirus type 1(MmuPV1) was isolated, which cannaturally infect mouse strains, and induce different kinds of tumors like HPV, and it is also the only model available forstudying HPV-related diseases. This optimal model is widely used, for the reason that the MmuPV1-infection mouse modelis a key tool for research because of its small size, easy modification, and the availability of abundant commercial reagents,and so on. Therefore, this mouse infection model provides us with a critical platform for extended HPV studies. In thecurrent review, we summarized related studies about MmuPV1, in order to better facilitate new research on the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of HPV infection.

Abstract:The nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTSN) model is established by single intravenous injection ofnephrotoxic serum in immunized animals and used to study immune complex-mediated crescent nephritis. The NTSNmodeling process involves selecting susceptible experimental animals (mostly WKY rats and SD rats), extracting theglomerular basement membrane, preparing the nephrotoxic serum and establishing accelerated or non-accelerated models.The modeling method is complicated, and the renal lesion is representative. The immune mechanisms of the NTSN modelare complex. Humoral immunity generates in situ and circulatory immune complexes via allogenic and autologous reactionphase and mediates type III hypersensitivity. Cellular immunity is also involved in the formation of renal crescent lesions byactivating a series of inflammatory cytokines produced by T lymphocytes. This article mainly reviews the modeling methodand the related immune mechanisms of the NTSN model.

Abstract:Porcine urinary bladder matrix (UBM) is a type of extracellular matrix (ECM). Currently, it isconsidered an ideal alternative material for pelvic bottom polymer supplements because it exhibits no corrosion, has goodhistocompatibility, can induce tissue regeneration, and exhibits rare scar formation among other advantages. However, useof UBM also has disadvantages such as easy absorption by the human body. Using reasonable method, the biological andmechanical properties of UBM can be effectively improved, making it more conducive to patient rehabilitation. This articleintroduces the research and development of UBM through its structure and function, production method, and practical applications.