Abstract:Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects of the combination of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ( BMSCs), neurotrophic factor 3 ( NT-3), and hydrogels on spinal cord injury. Methods Rat BMSCs were genetically modified to overexpress NT-3, and hydrogels were prepared and loaded with the modified cells. Then, a model of acute incomplete spinal cord injury in rats was established and treated. The combined therapeutic effect on spinal cord injury was assessed by postoperative motor behavior (Basso Beatlie Bresnahan (BBB) score) and spinal cord pathology. Results The motor behavioral BBB scores of rats in the combination therapy group were increased by various degrees, and the therapeutic effect of the BMSC+NT-3+hydrogel group was the most obvious. Immunohistochemistry showed that the degree of nerve recovery in the combined treatment group was higher than that in the spinal cord injury model group. The numbers of neurons and nerve fibers were increased in all combined treatment groups, while the number of astrocytes was decreased. In the treatment groups, the BMSC+NT-3+hydrogel group had the highest number of neurons and nerve fibers and the lowest number of astrocytes. The difference between all groups was statistically significant ( P < 0. 05 ). Conclusions BMSCs, NT-3, and a hydrogel scaffold promoted each other and can be combined to better treat spinal cord injury. By transplanting into rats with acute incomplete spinal cord injury, they promoted post-injury neuronal and nerve fiber repair and inhibited the formation of glial scars. The preparation of more effective and injectable composites may provide a new concept for nerve repair and regeneration in spinal cord injury.

Abstract:Objective To explore the relationship between disease resistance and susceptibility inmice expressing different levels of DNA pattern recognition receptors(PRRs). Methods The expression profiles of different DNA PPRs in BALB/ c and C57BL/ 6 mice infected with ECTV were detected using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR ( qRT-PCR). Results TLR9, DAI, cGAS, RNA pol Ⅲ and RIG-Ⅰ were expressed in both mouse lines, but were expressed at significantly higher levels in the mousepox-resistant C57BL/ 6 mice compared with BALB/ c mice prior to infection. However, the expression of these genes increased noticeablyin the ECTV-susceptible BALB/ c mice after infection, with little change seen in C57BL/ 6 mice after infection. Conclusions Our findings suggest that these pathogen-specific PPRsmay be closely related to natural disease resistance in mice.

Abstract:Objective To explore differences between three- and five-classification automatic hematology analyzers and manual counting to measure physiological indexes of peripheral blood erythrocytes of tree shrews and establish a reliable reference. Methods The normal reference value range of the number of red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin in the peripheral blood of 20 healthy adult tree shrews were measured by the manual method , five-classification automatic blood cell analyzer BC-6800, and three-classification automatic blood cell analyzer UINT-3010. The consistency of the two method was judged by a Bland-Altman diagram and Passing-Bablok regression analysis. Results Significant differences in the number of red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were observed between the manual method and five-classification automatic hematology analyzer (P < 0. 001). No systematic difference was found between the two method , but there was a proportion difference. No statistical difference in hematocrit or mean corpuscular hemoglobin was found, and the two method had good consistency, no systematic difference, and a proportion difference. Significant differences were observed between the manual method and three- classification automatic hematology analyzer except for the number of red blood cells (P < 0. 001). Conclusions The normal reference range of red blood cell-related physiological indexes measured by hand provides a reference to study the tree shrew. The BC-6800 automatic blood analyzer is more accurate and reliable than the UNIT-3010 to measure red blood cell-related indicators, which can be used for rapid and effective analysis of a large number of samples, but it cannot completely replace the manual method. Only the combination of the two can ensure the accuracy and reliability of test result.

Abstract:Objective To determine whether adipose stem cells (ADSC)-derived exosomes can alleviate liver fibrosis and to explore the mechanism underlying this effect. Methods Primary adipose stem cells were subcultured to the third to sixth generation in exosome-free medium, and the supernatant was collected periodically. The collected supernatant samples were then pooled, and the exosomes were separated by ultracentrifugation. A liver fibrosis model was established by intraperitoneal injecting 40 male SD rats weighing about 200 g with olive oil + carbon tetrachloride; a control group (10 rats) was injected with olive oil only. After 10 weeks, 10 rats randomly selected from the experimental group were sacrificed to confirm that the liver fibrosis had developed as expected, and the remaining 30 rats were randomly divided into ADSC, Exosome, and Model groups. After 2 weeks of treatment, serums levels of AST and ALT in serum were measured, liver tissues from each group were stained with HE and Sirius red, the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-sma) was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the expression levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 ( TGF-β1) and the apoptosis-related proteins Bax, BcL-2, and Caspase 3 were detected by western blotting. Results (1) Serum ALT and AST levels were significantly lower in the ADSC and Exosome groups compared with the Model group (P <0. 05); (2) HE and Sirius red staining showed large areas of hepatocyte apoptosis and significant connective tissue proliferation in the Model group, with little hepatocyte apoptosis or connective tissue proliferation seen in the ADSC and Exosome groups. (3) The total area of α-sma expression was significantly lower in the ADSC (P <0. 05) and Exosome (P <0. 01) groups compared with the Model group; (4) TGF-β1, Bax, and Caspase 3 expression levels were significantly higher in the model group than in the ADSC and Exosome groups (P <0. 05). Conversely, BcL-2 expression was significantly higher in the ADSC and Exosome groups ( P < 0. 05) compared with the Model group. Conclusions ADSCs and their derived exosomes can alleviate liver fibrosis by reducing hepatocyte apoptosis and inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of lentiviral-mediated Fg12 gene silencing on Th1 / Th2 drift and the Th17 / Treg balance in rats with autoimmune myocarditis. Methods Six-week-old SD male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (NC), model (Model), vehicle lentivirus (Vehicle), and Fgl2-RNAi lentivirus (RNAi group) groups with 10 rats in each group. A rat model of autoimmune myocarditis was established by injection of porcine myoglobin, and then the Fgl2-RNAi lentivirus was injected into the tail vein of rats. VEDs, LVEDd, LVEF, and FS were detected in each group after 28 days of immunization. HE staining was used to observe pathological changes of the rat myocardium. IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and TGF-β mRNA and protein expression was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results After 28 days of modeling, LVEDs and LVEDd in the RNAi group were significantly lower than those in the Model group, whereas LVEF and FS in the RNAi group were significantly higher than those in the Model group. The inflammation scores of Model, Vehicle, and RNAi groups were significantly higher than that of the NC group, while the inflammation score of the RNAi group was significantly lower than that of the Model group. The expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 mRNA and protein in myocardial tissue of the RNAi group were significantly lower than those in the Model group, while the mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-4 and TGF-β were significantly higher than those in the Model group. Conclusions The Fg12 gene participates in the development of autoimmune myocarditis by regulating Th1 / Th2 drift and the Th17 / Treg balance. Fg12 gene silencing significantly improves cardiac functions and reduces myocardial inflammation in rats with autoimmune myocarditis.

Abstract:Objective To observe the activation function of peripheral blood platelets in a mouse model of immune thrombocytopenia ( ITP) with qi failing to control blood syndrome. Methods BALB/ c mice were randomly divided into control and model groups. The model group was subjected to sleep deprivation for one week, followed by two weeks of sleep deprivation combined with intraperitoneal injection of anti-platelet serum to replicate an ITP mouse model with qi failing to control blood syndrome. At the end of the experimental period, the morphology of platelets isolated from the mice was observed by a scanning electron microscope. Moreover, ELISA was used to detect the release of platelet alpha particles (β-TG, PF-4) and dense granules (ATP, ADP). Flow cytometry was used to detect CD62P expression, platelet- neutrophil aggregation (PNA), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and the mean fluorescence intensity of reactive oxygen species (ROS-MFI). Results The platelets from the control group were mostly round or disk-like with a small degree of pseudopodia formation, while platelets from the model group were mostly irregular in shapes, with a large degree of pseudopodia formation, and some of them adhered and aggregated into groups. Compared with the control group, β-TG, PF-4, ATP, MMP, and ROS-MFI in the model group were significantly increased (P <0. 01), while CD62P, ADP, and PNA were increased significantly, but to a lesser extent (P <0. 05). Conclusions Platelets from the peripheral blood of a mouse model of ITP with qi failing to control blood syndrome were highly activated and exhibited increased rates of apoptosis compared with control mice.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of Shenfu injection on the evolution of electrocardiograms during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Methods Fifty rats were randomly divided into five groups (10 rats in each group) according to body weight reordering. In the sham operation group, the left anterior descending coronary artery was punctured without ligation, and 2 mL/ 100 g saline was injected into the femoral vein at 10 minutes before puncturing. In the model group, 10 minutes before ischemia, 2 mL/ 100 g saline was injected into the femoral vein. In low, middle, and high dose groups, 1, 2 and 4 mL/ 100 g Shenfu injection was applied to the femoral vein at 10 minutes before ischemia. At the end of perfusion, cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected and protein expressions of protein kinase B (Akt), phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), phosphorylated GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β), mammalian rapamycin target protein ( mTOR) and phosphorylated mTOR ( p-mTOR) were detected. Results Compared with the sham operation group, the ST segment of the ECG in the model group was increased significantly (P <0. 05). Compared with the model group, the ST segment of the ECG in Shenfu low, middle and high dose groups was decreased significantly (P <0. 05). Compared with Shenfu low and middle dose groups, the ST segment of the ECG in the Shenfu high dose group was decreased significantly (P < 0. 05). No significant difference was observed between the two groups (P >0. 05). The incidence of VT and VF in middle and high dose groups was lower than that in the model group (P <0. 01). The incidence of VT and VF in the high dose group was lower than that in the model group (P <0. 01). Compared with the sham operation group, the apoptosis index and relative expression of p-Akt, p-GSK-3β and p-mTOR in the model group were increased (P <0. 001). Compared with the model group, the apoptosis index and relative expression of p-Akt, p-GSK-3β and p-mTOR in Shenfu low, middle, and high dose groups were decreased (P <0. 001). Compared with the low dose group, the apoptosis index and relative expression of p-Akt, p-GSK-3β and p-mTOR in Shenfu middle and high dose groups were decreased (P <0. 05), and those in the high dose group were lower than those ub the middle dose group (P <0. 05). Conclusions Shenfu injection effectively improves the electrocardiogram changes of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, reduces the incidence of arrhythmia, and inhibits myocardial cell apoptosis, which may be related to inhibiting activation of the Akt / GSK-3β signaling pathway.

Abstract:Objective Based on network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the mechanism of Xubijing injection in the treatment of COVID-19. Methods The main ingredients of Xuebijing injection were determined based on literature mining. TCMSP database and SwissTarget Prediction platform were used to predict the targets of the main components. COVID-19-related target genes were screened by the GeneCards database. The BioGPS database was used for organ location analysis of the targets, and the STRING platform was applied to construct the main component target gene interaction network and screen the critical targets. The Omicshare platform was used for Gene Ontology functional analysis of crucial target genes, and the KEGG pathways of these targets were analyzed through DAVID v 6. 8 database. The affinity of the main components with SARS-CoV-2 3CL hydrolase and host receptor ACE2 was analyzed by AutoDuck Vina. Results Twenty-two main components of Xuebijing were found to act on 370 human targets, and the intersection of these with the 272 targets of COVID-19 result ed in a total of 54 targets. The common targets are mainly located in the heart, lung, liver, intestine, trachea, pancreas, and kidney. Fourteen critical targets, including IL6, TNF, MAPK1, GAPDH, TP53, MAPK8, and IL2, were found to participate in multicellular biological processes, stimulation reactions, metabolic processes, antioxidant activities, and other biological processes and functions, and regulate T cell receptor, non-small cell lung cancer, influenza A, TNF, MAPK, HIF-1, PI3K-AKT, Toll-like receptor, and other signaling pathways. Molecular docking showed that the main components of Xuebijing had good affinity with SARS-CoV-2 3CL hydrolase and its human receptor ACE2. Conclusions The mechanism of Xuebijing in treating the pneumonia of SARS-CoV-2 is concentrated in two aspects. first, mainly through the regulation of the human immune inflammatory response to protect important organs, and second, it may also act on the essential protein of the virus, 3CL, and its human receptor ACE2 to produce a certain antiviral effect. It has treatment advantages of multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways, based on its overall synergy.

Abstract:Objective To explore factors affecting the success of and prognosis for cardiac arrest-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA-CPR) in a rat model induced by asphyxia. Methods The CA-CPR model was established in 50 SD rats, which were divided into three groups according to weight: group Ⅰ (n = 10, 250~ 300 g), group Ⅱ (n = 30, 300~ 350 g), and group Ⅲ (n = 10, 350~ 400 g). Baseline data, the rate of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and the time needed for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were recorded, and the hemodynamics after ROSC were assessed. Results The ROSC rates for group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ, and group Ⅲ were 90. 00% (9 / 10), 60. 00% (18 / 30), and 60. 00% (6 / 10), respectively, and were not significantly different (P >0. 05). Compared with group Ⅱ (417. 19 ± 92. 00) s and group Ⅲ (60. 80 ± 115. 40)s, group Ⅰ exhibited a significantly shorter CPR time ( 365. 16 ± 76. 66; P < 0. 05). The heart rate (HR) of rats in group Ⅰ (306. 22±41. 99 beats/ min) 30 minutes after ROSC was significantly different to that of rats in group Ⅱ ( 264. 47± 33. 28 beats/ min; P < 0. 05), and there were no significant differences between the other groups (all P>0. 05). A binary logistic regression model was used to evaluate the predictive index for ROSC (χ²= 25. 115, P <0. 001) and 72-hour survival (χ²= 14. 191, P = 0. 001). Six items were included: body weight, anal temperature, HR, mean arterial pressure, asphyxia to cardiac arrest (ACA) time, and CA duration. ROSC was positively correlated with ACA time (OR= 1. 087, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1. 031-1. 146); and 72-hour survival was negatively related to body weight (OR= 0. 953, 95% CI: 0. 915-0. 992) and HR (OR = 0. 957, 95% CI: 0. 921-0. 994). Conclusions Our findings show that rats with lower weight, lower baseline HR, and longer ACA time were more likely to have a good outcome.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of aspirin on myocardial fibrosis and inflammation in diabetic rats and the molecular mechanism underlying this effect. Methods Male, specific pathogen free-grade SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (Control group), the diabetes mellitus group (DM group), and the aspirin intervention group (Aspirin group). The DM group received an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg / kg) to induce diabetes; the Control group received an intraperitoneal injection of the same volume of normal saline; and the Aspirin group received an intraperitoneal injection of STZ 60 mg / kg, followed by administration of aspirin (1 mg / kg per d) by oral gavage for 10 weeks. Echocardiography was used to detect changes in cardiac structure and function; Masson’ s trichrome staining was used to observe myocardial fibrosis; ELISA was used to detect myocardial inflammatory factors (IL- β, IL-6, TNF-α); and RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect CTRP6 expression in myocardial tissue. Results Compared with the Control group, the DM group had abnormal cardiac function and structural damage, significant myocardial fibrosis, and significantly increased myocardial IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels ( P < 0. 01). RT-PCR and Western blot showed that CTRP6 expression was significantly reduced in myocardial tissues (P <0. 01). Compared with the DM group, the Aspirin group showed greater cardiac function recovery, greater structural improvement, significantly reduced myocardial fibrosis, decreased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α expression in myocardial tissues (P <0. 05, P <0. 01), and increased CTRP6 mRNA and protein expression in myocardial tissues (P <0. 05, P <0. 01). Conclusions Aspirin can inhibit myocardial fibrosis and inflammation in diabetic rats, and the mechanism of this effect involves increased CTRP6 expression.

Abstract:Objective Based on data mining, we analyzed the medicinal characteristics of Chinese medicine in regulating oxidative stress in the body to provide a reference for the treatment of COVID-19. Methods Using the advanced retrieval method , taking “oxidative stress” as the subject word, all research documents on antioxidative stress in the CNKI and Wanfang databases were retrieved, totaling 478 documents, 123 of which were valid documents. Composition information was extracted. Frequency and factor analyses were performed on the selected studies using Excel 2012 and IBM SPSS Statistics 23 software. All Chinese medicines and their components that have an antioxidative stress role were summarized, and the medicinal characteristics and compatibility laws of antioxidative stress Chinese medicines were analyzed. Results A total of 123 documents meeting the standards were summarized, including 108 traditional Chinese medicines, 74 clinical medicines, and 67 experimental documents. There are 50 types of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine, 35 clinically used active ingredients, and 30 types of experimental documents. The drugs with a higher frequency of clinical use were Salvia miltiorrhiza ( 12 times, 7. 89%), Astragalus membranaceus ( 11 times, 7. 24%), Salvia miltiorrhiza ( 21 times, 8. 61%), and Rheum officinale ( 15 times, 6. 15%). Bitter ( 40 times, 33. 90%) and pungent (32 times, 27. 12%) were the main clinical drugs. The drug properties were mostly han xing (22 times, 29. 33%) and wen xing (31 times, 41. 33%); meridian tropism was mainly concentrated in gan jing (40 times, 22. 99%), pi jing (36 times, 20. 69%), ku wei (31 times, 31. 31%), and gan wei (36 times, 36. 36%) among experimental drugs. The drug properties were mostly han xing ( 25 times, 37. 31%) and wen xin ( 21 times, 31. 31%); meridian tropism was mainly concentrated in gan jing (31 times, 18. 67%), fei jing (26 times, 15. 66%). and pi jing (24 times, 14. 46%). Clinical drug efficacy classification included mainly deficiency-tonifying drugs ( 14 times, 18. 92%) and blood-activating and stasis-removing drugs (12 times, 16. 22%), while experimental drug efficacy classification included mainly deficiency- tonifying drugs (20 times, 29. 85%) and heat-clearing drugs (15 times, 22. 39%). In the association rule analysis of the top 20 traditional Chinese medicines used clinically, it was found that there were seven combinations of drug pairs with the highest association intensity, and seven factors were extracted by factor analysis. Conclusions In antioxidative stress research for the clinical treatment of COVID-19, licorice, astragalus root, Poria cocos, atractylodes rhizome, pinellia tuber, Scutellaria baicalensis, and bupleurum root are frequently used, while resveratrol and puerarin have more significant antioxidant stress effects.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the difference between BALB/ c mutant curly mice and normal BALB/ c mice in the establishment of hepatocellular carcinoma models by two transplantation method. Methods Prepared H22 cells were subcutaneously injected ( 0. 2 mL/ mice) into the right lower extremity of BALB/ c mutant curly mice and normal BALB/ c mice, and subcutaneous tumors were removed 7 days later. Tumor tissue appeared at the injection site, suggesting that the model was successful. The better part of the edge texture of the tumor tissue was selected and cut into tissue micro- blocks (0. 5-1 mm in diameter), then transplanted into the liver in situ. Liver tumors were removed 15 days later. Tumor volume was calculated by measuring the length and diameter of subcutaneous and hepatic tumors with Vernier calipers, and the result of the two groups of mice were compared and analyzed. The two groups were stained with HE, and the morphological changes were observed by light microscopy. Results Tumors result ing from subcutaneous transplantation and original transplantation in curly mice were not only significantly larger than those in normal mice (P <0. 05), but also more uniform in size and three-dimensional in shape. Liver tumors in situ in curly mice were more closely related to the infiltration of normal liver tissue around them. Pathological result showed that there was no clear boundary between subcutaneous tumors and muscular tissues in curly mice, and the tumors were completely fused with each other. The in situ liver tumors in curly mice almost invaded the whole liver tissue in the field of vision. Conclusions The ability of BALB/ c mutant curly mice to form subcutaneous transplanted tumors and orthotopic transplanted tumors of liver cancer is significantly better than that of normal BALB/ c mice. This approach is expected to provide a high-quality animal model platform for the study of liver cancer.

Abstract:Objective To explore the joint action of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on the healing of tibia fractures in rats. Methods Forty-eight clean grade mature male SD rats were randomized in four groups, and a right middle tibia fracture was induced in each rat. Each group received bFGF and PDGF at different timepoints. Two to four weeks after the fractures were induced, six randomly selected rats from each group were sacrificed, and blood samples were taken from the femoral artery. Gross observations and histological observations were performed, and radiographs and additional specimens were taken. The levels of ALP, VEGF, BMP-2, and IGF-1 were measured at different observation points. Results Each period after operationt, analysis of the gross specimens showed that the size, density, imaging score, and trabecular bone index of the new bone tissue formed in groups A, B, and group C were significantly higher than in group D. The group that was treated with both growth factors exhibited higher levels of ALP, VEGF, BMP- 2, and IGF- 1 expression than the other three groups. Conclusions Local injection of exogenous bFGF or PDGF can accelerate fracture repair , and the effect of combined application is better than that of single application. The elevated expression of VEGF, BMP-2, and IGF-1 promoted by the two factors may represent one of the mechanisms involved in this process.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the expression and significance of the JNK/ c-Jun pathway in the angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm mouse model. Methods C57BL/ 6 Apoe^{- / -} male mice were randomly divided into three groups: sham model, and inhibitor groups. Mice in the sham group were implanted with a preloaded saline micro- release pump in the subscapular scapula, whereas mice in model and inhibitor groups were implanted with an Ang II trace release pump (1000 ng / min·kg). The modeling cycle was 28 days. The inhibitor group was pretreated by intraperitoneal injection of 1 mL/ day JNK inhibitor SP600125 ( 2 mg / kg) for 2 days before surgery. Sham and model groups were administered an equal volume of normal saline. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the inflammatory response index of mice. 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining was used to detect the fluorescence intensity of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Western blotting was used to detect expression of p-JNK and p-c-Jun proteins. Results Compared with the sham group, pathological symptoms of AAA tissue in the model group were obvious. Green fluorescence in AAA tissue was enhanced significantly and ROS content was increased significantly. Expression levels of p-JNK and p-c- Jun in AAA tissues were enhanced significantly (all P <0. 05). Compared with the model group, the pathological symptoms of AAA tissue were relatively improved. Green fluorescence in AAA tissue was weakened significantly and ROS content was decreased significantly. The levels of p-JNK and p-c-Jun in AAA tissues were decreased significantly ( P < 0. 05 ). Conclusions The JNK signaling pathway plays an important role in regulation of angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice. Inhibition of this pathway suppresses oxidative stress and improves AAA symptoms.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the neuroprotective effect of the α₂ adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine in rat brain tissues after traumatic brain injury by assessing expression of nuclear factor kappa B, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukiN-1β ( IL-1β). Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into one of three groups: the sham operation group ( group S ), the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group ( group C ), and the dexmedetomidine group (group D). Each of these groups was then subdivided into subgroups of 6 rats each for time points 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Parietal brain contusions were induced according to a modified Longa method. The rats in group S then underwent a sham operation. For group D, 2 h after successful embolization a wire was pulled into the stump of the external carotid artery to simulate ischemia and reperfusion, and 30 min later the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of the α₂ adrenergic receptor(α₂ -AR)agonist dexmedetomidine at a dose of 100 μg / kg (4 μg / mL). Group C underwent the same procedure as group S, but 0. 9% NaCl was injected instead of dexmedetomidine. At each time point, nuclear factor kappa B expression was detected using western blotting, and TNF-α and IL-1β expression were detected using ELISA. Six rats were selected for scoring of neurological deficits at 24 and 48 hours after model preparation, including test response, alertness, and coordination. Six rats were selected 24 and 48 hours after model preparation and randomly placed facing the wall in one quadrant of a cage with a central platform, and, the time it took to find the platform within 60 s was recorded. If the platform was not found within 90 s, the escape latency was recorded as 90 s. Five times were recorded and the average value was calculated. Results No significant differences in TNF-α and IL-1β expression in the brain tissue at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h in group S were found. TNF-α and IL-1β expression was higher in group C than in group S (P <0. 05), higher in group D than in group S (P <0. 05), but lower in group D than in group C (P <0. 05). At 24 and 48 hours after model preparation, compared with group S, neurological deficit scores were higher in groups C and D (P <0. 05), and escape latency was prolonged ( P < 0. 05). Neurological deficit scores were higher in group D than in group C ( P < 0. 05). Conclusions The α₂ adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine protects brain tissue by inhibiting the inflammation induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats.

Abstract:Animal models of human disease have an important role in elucidating the pathogenesis of disease and exploring therapeutic method in basic medicine and pre-clinical research. Compared with rodents, there are many advantages to the use of pigs as animal models of disease because of their anatomy, physiology, nutrition metabolism, and for ethical reasons. A variety of human disease model pigs have been produced using method such as gene editing and somatic cell nuclear transfer. This paper reviews the research progress made on pig models in the fields of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, genetic disease, and tumors in recent years, and discusses the phenotypic instability of different models that could not accurately simulate human disease. We discuss important references for understanding and promoting the application of pigs as animal models of human disease.

Abstract:COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by a new coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since the first confirmed COVID-19 case, it has spread as a pandemic globally in a short time, Results ing in a contagion with numerous deaths. To accelerate research on COVID-19 systematically, a variety of laboratory animals have been investigated, indicating that non-human primates, mice, Syrian hamsters, ferrets, and domestic cats support replication of SARS-CoV-2. Among them, some animals present different degrees of pathological changes and clinical symptoms in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-19 animal models would be of great significance to study the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 transmission ad pathogenesis, as well as testing drugs and vaccines. This is a summary of the preparation of COVID-19 animal models in the past 6 months. We investigated the characteristics and scope of each animal model to provide a theoretical reference for future optimization and selection of COVID-19 animal models for specific purposes.

Abstract:Gastric cancer is one of the most serious malignant tumors in the world with high mortality and a poor prognosis. Early diagnosis is crucial to improve the survival rate of patients. Metabolomics employs high-throughput chemical analysis technology combined with chemometrics method to analyze metabolic changes of organisms, tissues, and cells. It is widely used in the screening of tumor biomarkers, disease diagnosis, and drug therapy. By consulting the literature, we summarize the research progress of metabolomics in the early diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer and provide a reference for the research of gastric cancer.

Abstract:In 1959, the British zoologist Russell and the microbiologist Burch proposed the “Three R principles,” which are replacement, reduction, and refinement. Replacement is the first principle to consider when conducting animal experiments. Here, we review the current state of the application of the principle of replacement to the use of experimental animals in international and domestic education, specifically through the use of models, props, and mechanical simulations, as well as film- and video-based teaching. Virtual ( simulation ) experimental systems and 3D printing technology are briefly introduced and analyzed. We also provide some suggestions based on the following three aspects: increasing attention, reserving technology, and guaranteeing funds. The aim of this paper aims is to put forward some suggestions on how to replace experimental animals with other alternatives in education in our country and how to pay more attention to this important issue.

Abstract:Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a progressive disease that is commonly encountered in orthopedics, which will eventually lead to collapse of the femoral head. Long-term, excessive alcohol intake is recognized as one of the leading risk factors for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. At present, alcohol consumption is the most common cause of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in Chinese men. However, the detailed pathogenesis mechanism of alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head has not been fully clarified, and progress towards developing successful approaches to prevention and treatment is hampered by the lack of an ideal animal model. In this paper, we review the pathogenesis and prevention of alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head and discuss approaches to constructing relevant animal models to provide a reference for basic research and for the clinical treatment of alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head

Abstract:Myocardial infarction (MI) is a disease that causes an interruption in coronary blood flow. Results ing in ischemic myocardial necrosis. The clinical symptoms mainly include myocardial pain, heart failure, arrhythmia, and shock. The incidence of global myocardial infarction is increasing year by year, and patients are becoming younger. Clinical diagnosis and treatment method are largely improved, and the effect is remarkable. however, because of the universality and adaptability of the disease, its occurrence and development remain the focus of cardiovascular disease research. With the development of science and technology, molecular imaging has become more cutting-edge and diverse, and multiple technologies including animal ultrasound, CT, MRI, SPECT/ CT, and PET/ CT have achieved a series of outcomes in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction. This article summarizes the current application of molecular imaging technology to animal models of myocardial infarction, details its developmental trends and significance, and provides important references for clinical diagnosis and treatment.