Abstract: Objective To investigate the regulatory effects of naringin on microglia polarization and Aβ clearance and cognition in APPswe / PS1dE9 transgenic mice. Methods Three-month-old male APPswe / PS1dE9 transgenic mice were randomly assigned to two groups: the model group and the naringin treated group (100 mg / (kg·d)). Non-transgenic mice were selected as the negative Control group and the naringin alone group (100 mg / (kg·d)). The mice were matched in age and weight. Mice in the negative control group and model group were given a conventional standard diet, whereas those in the naringin treatment group and naringin alone group were given a conventional standard diet containing 100 mg / (kg·d) naringin for 16 weeks. The novel object recognition test was performed to assess cognitive function. The effects of naringin on liver and kidney function in mice were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The expression of M1- type and M2-type microglial markers was examined by quantitative real-time PCR. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to determine the content of Aβ and the phagocytic effect of activated microglia cells on Aβ. Results Compared with the control group, APPswe / PS1dE9 mice exhibited a significantly decreased discrimination index in the novel object recognition test ( P< 0. 05). The mRNA expression level of M1-type markers ( CD16, TNF-α, iNOS, MCP-1) was remarkably upregulated (P< 0. 05), whereas the mRNA expression of M2-type markers (CD206, TGF-β, Arg1, YM-1) was significantly downregulated in the brains of APPswe / PS1dE9 mice (P< 0. 05). Furthermore, the Aβ-positive region was significantly elevated in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of APPswe / PS1dE9 mice (P< 0. 05). Compared with the model group, naringin administration markedly increased the discrimination index in APPswe / PS1dE9 mice (P< 0. 05), restored the normal expression of M1-type and M2-type markers in brain tissues (P< 0. 05), reduced the positive area of Aβ, and promoted the phagocytosis of Aβ by microglia (P< 0. 05). There was no significant difference in liver and kidney function parameters among the groups (P> 0. 05). Conclusions Naringin can promote microglial polarization from the M1-type towards the M2-type, enhance Aβ phagocytosis by activated microglia, and subsequently improve cognition in mice.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the effects of astragalus polysaccharides(APS) combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and determine the underlying mechanisms. Methods MTT and Transwell assays were used to investigate the effects of Astragalus polysaccharides and 5-FU alone or in combination on the proliferation and invasion of HepG2 cells, respectively. The expression of EMT-related factors was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Results Astragalus polysaccharides and 5- FU alone or in combination inhibited the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells. RT-qPCR and Western blot result showed that Astragalus polysaccharides and 5-FU alone or in combination upregulated the expression of E-cadherin and downregulated the levels of vimentin and CXCR4 in HepG2 cells. The greatest effect was observed with 785. 26 μmol / L Astragalus polysaccharide + 23. 90 μmol / L, followed by 392. 63 μmol / L Astragalus polysaccharide + 23. 90 μmol / L 5- FU, 23. 90 μmol / L 5-FU, 392. 63 μmol / L Astragalus polysaccharide, and the blank control. Conclusions Astragalus polysaccharide combined with 5-FU can significantly inhibit the growth and metastasis of hepatoma cells, and the underlying mechanism may be related to inhibition of EMT.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of sivelestat sodium on the glucose-regulated protein 78 / protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase / CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (GRP78 / PERK/ CHOP) signaling pathway and airway hypersecretion in rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods The COPD rat model was established by exposure to cigarette smoke combined with endotracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The model rats were randomly divided into a COPD group, sivelestat sodium intervention groups (low, medium, and high dose), and a control group (NC group) of normal rats, with 12 rats in each group. The rats in the low, medium, and high dose sivelestat sodium groups were injected via their tail vein with 2. 5 mg / kg, 5. 0 mg / kg, and 10. 0 mg / kg sivelestat sodium, respectively, and the NC group and COPD group were injected with the same amount of normal saline twice a day for 21 days. The levels of lung function indexes, including the forced expiratory volume in 0. 1 s (FEV0. 1) and forced vital capacity ( FVC), were measured. The apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick and labeling (TUNEL), and microscope histopathological changes of the rat lungs were assessed. The mRNA expression levels of mucin 5AC(MUC5AC), glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78), protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase(PERK), and CCAAT/ enhancer binding protein homologous protein(CHOP) were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and the protein expression of MUC5AC, GRP78, PERK, and CHOP in the lung tissue of rats was detected by Western blot. Results In the NC group, the alveolar structure was intact without obvious pathological changes. In the COPD group rats, the wall thickness of lung tissues was increased, the wall of alveoli was thin, the cilia were collapsed and detached, and there was extensive inflammatory cell infiltration. However, the pathological changes in the lung tissue of rats in each sivelestat sodium intervention group were alleviated. Compared with those in the NC group, the FEV0. 1 and FVC in the COPD group were significantly lower, the apoptosis rate of alveolar epithelial cells was higher, and the mRNA and protein levels of MUC5AC, GRP78, PERK, and CHOP in lung tissues were significantly increased (P< 0. 05). Compared with those in the COPD group, the FEV0. 1 and FVC in the rats in the low, medium, and high dose sivelestat sodium groups were increased, the apoptosis rate of alveolar epithelial cells was reduced, and the mRNA and protein levels of MUC5AC, GRP78, PERK, and CHOP in lung tissues were decreased (P< 0. 05). Conclusions Sivelestat sodium can reduce airway mucus hypersecretion in COPD rats, which may be related to the inhibition of GRP78 / PERK/ CHOP signaling pathway activation and reduction in lung epithelial cell apoptosis in COPD.

Abstract: Objective To construct human histone H2A.X (H2A.X) and nucleophosmin (NPM1) mammalian two-hybrid vectors and to realize their expression in MCF-7 cells. Methods H2A.X and NPM1 coding sequences were amplified by PCR and cloned into pBIND and PACT vectors via TA cloning and validated by restriction enzyme mapping and sequencing. MCF-7 cells were then transfected with H2A.X-pBIND and NPM1-PACT. Overexpression of H2A.X and NPM1 was detected using RT-PCR method . Results PCR amplified the expected H2A.X and NPM1 coding sequence fragments. Restriction mapping of TA, p-BIND and PACT clones produced the predicted DNA bands. Sequencing showed the two vector constructs to completely align with H2A.X and NPM1 sequences. mRNA levels of H2A.X and NPM1 were increased in cells transfected with H2A. X-pBIND and NPM1-PACT, respectively. Conclusions Human H2A. X and NPM1 mammalian two-hybrid vectors were successfully constructed and expressed in MCF-7 cells.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of propofol on the protein kinase A ( PKA) / cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) pathway and the improvement of neurological function in focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) rats. Methods A CIRI model was established in rats by modified thread occlusion and ischemia for 2 hours and reperfusion for 24 hours. The rats were randomly divided into model group (CIRI group), propofol low-dose , middle-dose , high-dose group ( 10, 25, 50 mg / kg), with 12 rats in each group. A sham group was prepared without inserting wires. The drug was administered only after the model was successfully established and was administered once a day for 4 weeks. Twelve hours after the last administration, modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) were used to evaluate neurological deficit. The rats were then killed and brains dissected out. The cerebral infarction volume was measured using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazoliumchloride ( TTC) staining. Hematoxylin Eosin and Nissl staining were used to observe the morphological changes of neurons and Nissl bodies; TUNEL ( terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) staining was used to reveal neuronal apoptosis, and the relative expression levels of PKA, CREB and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were detected by western blotting. Results Compared with the sham group, the mNSS score, cerebral infarction volume, degree of pathological damage to the cerebral cortex, degeneration index of nerve cells, and apoptosis rate were all increased ( P< 0. 05), and the protein levels of PKA, pCREB, and BNDF were decreased (P< 0. 05) in the CIRI group. Compared with the CIRI group, the mNSS score, cerebral infarction volume, degree of pathological damage to the cerebral cortex, degeneration index of nerve cells, and apoptosis rate decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P< 0.05), and the protein levels of PKA, pCREB, and BNDF increased in a dose-dependent manner (P< 0.05) in the low-, middle- and high-dose propofol groups Conclusions Propofol can activate expression of PKA/ CREB/ BNDF pathway proteins in the cortex, reduce the cerebral infarct volume, and reduce neurological damage in CIRI rats.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of LREE on a rat model of ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by TNBS. Methods Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: the normal control group (NC), model control group ( TNBS), positive control group ( SASP), and WY-L, WY-M, and WY-H groups. The rat model of UC was induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), and the Linderae Radix ethanol extracts (LREE) were given by intragastric administration for 9 days. During the experimental period, disease symptoms, including body weight and stool features, and the colon histomorphology of UC model rats were observed. The activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the colon was measured, the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined, and the proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg) and other lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood was detected by flow cytometry. Results The result showed that all three doses of LREE could significantly improve the symptoms of hematochezia and weight loss in UC model rats and reduce the serum levels of IL-6 ( P< 0. 05). Furthermore, LREE reduced the weight and length of the colon and rectum and improved the macroscopic changes, such as intestinal mucosal congestion and intestinal wall shortening and thickening, and histomorphological changes, including intestinal epithelial cell injury and immune cell infiltration. Additionally, low and middle doses reduced the serum level of TNF-α and activity of MPO in the colon (P<0. 05) and increased the proportion of Treg cells in the peripheral blood of model rats. Conclusions These findings suggested that LREE exerted anti-UC effects on the rat model induced by TNBS and that the mechanism might be associated with the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of apigenin (AP) on the C/ EBP homologous protein (CHOP) signaling pathway in the pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum of GDM rats. Methods Pregnant female SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group, model group (GDM group), AP low (0. 23 g / kg), medium (0. 46 g / kg), high (0. 92 g / kg) dose groups, and insulin-positive group (20 U/ kg), with 10 rats in each group. The GDM model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 45 mg / kg) on the day of conception. Except for the normal group, each group was treated on the 5 d of pregnancy, and each AP group was administered the corresponding dose of AP by gavage. The insulin-positive group was administered the corresponding dose of insulin by subcutaneous injection, and the normal and GDM groups were treated with the corresponding dose of normal saline by gavage. Each group was treated once a day for 2 weeks. Twelve hours after the last administration, the fasting blood glucose (FBG) and insulin resistance index (HOMA- IR) were measured using commercially available kits, and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the morphological changes of the pancreas. The TUNEL method was used to detect the apoptosis rate of islet cells, and Western blot was performed to detect the relative expression levels of glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78) and caspase-12, which are related to the endoplasmic reticulum stress-CHOP pathway in the pancreas. Results Compared with the normal group, the FBG content, HOMA-IR, islet cell apoptosis rate, pancreatic tissue injury, and protein expression of GRP78, caspase- 12, and CHOP were all increased in the GDM group (P< 0. 05). Compared with the GDM group, the FBG content, HOMA-IR, islet cell apoptosis rate, pancreatic tissue injury, and protein levels of GRP78, caspase-12, and CHOP were all significantly decreased in the low, middle, and high dose AP groups and insulin-positive group ( P< 0. 05 ). Furthermore, the above indexes in each AP dose group decreased in a dose-dependent manner, whereas compared with the AP high dose group, there was no significant difference in the above indexes in the insulin-positive group (P> 0. 05). Conclusions AP can inhibit the protein expression of GRP78, CHOP, and caspase-12 in the pancreas of GDM rats, reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pancreas, ameliorate pancreatic injury, and decrease the apoptosis of islet cells in GDM rats.

Abstract: Objective Explore the effects of different electroacupuncture stimulation method on the morphology of microglia and neuronal apoptosis in stroke-induced rats. Methods The Longa suture method was used to establish a stroke model. Forty-eight successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the model group, Yanglingquan + acupoint matching group, Guanyuan group, and Zhaohai+Shenmai group, with 12 mice in each group. An additional 12 mice were used as the sham operation group. In the Yanglingquan+acupoint matching, Guanyuan, and Zhaohai+Shenmai groups, acupuncture and electric acupuncture stimulation at the corresponding acupoints were performed. Seven days included one course of treatment and two courses of electric acupuncture stimulation. The effects of different electrical acupuncture stimulation method on the behavior, microglia, neuron morphology, neuronal apoptosis, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) expression, and cysteine levels in stroke rats were assessed. The influence of these treatments on aspartate proteolytic enzyme 1 ( caspase-1) and pro-caspase-1 protein levels was also observed. Results Morphological changes: The microglia in the model group exhibited obvious protrusions and increased activation, and the neurons were irregular in shape and lightly stained. However, the normal morphology of microglia and neurons in the Yanglingquan + acupoint matching, Guanyuan, and Zhaohai + Shenmai groups was recovered, and the activation state was reduced. Compared with the sham operation group, the Longa score, Iba1 / ED-1, number of TUNEL- positive cells, and protein levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, and pro-caspase-1 in the brain tissues of the model group were increased (P< 0. 05), and the number of Nissl bodies was decreased (P< 0. 05). Compared with the model group, the Longa score, Iba1 / ED-1, number of TUNEL-positive cells, and protein levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, and pro-caspase-1 in brain tissues of the Yanglingquan + acupoint matching, Guanyuan, and Zhaohai + Shenmai groups were decreased ( P< 0. 05), and the number of Nissl bodies was increased (P< 0. 05). Conclusions Electroacupuncture at Yanglingquan+ acupoint matching, Guanyuan, and Zhaohai+Shenmai can reduce the apoptosis of microglia and neurons in stroke-induced rats, which may be achieved by inhibiting the NLRP3 / caspase-1 pathway.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the mechanism by which hsa _ circ _0005692 adsorbs miR - 625 - 5p to regulate the expression of CXXC4 and to inhibit gastric cancer metastasis. Methods Human gastric cancer cell lines, BGC-803, SNU-1, NCI-N87, and hs-746 t were cultured in GES-1, and hsa_circ_0005692, miR-625-5p and CXXC4 mRNA were detected by qRT-PCR. hsa-cirC-0005692 and miR - 625 - 5p were identified by double luciferase assays. CXXC4 was targeted by miR-625-5p. hsa_circ_0005692 and Ago2 were identified by radioimmunoprecipitation assays. RNA pull-down result showed that hsa _ circ _ 0005692 combined with miR - 625 - 5p. MTT was used to detect cell proliferation. Transwell assays were used to detect cell migration and invasion ability. Cell flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis rate. Western blot was used to detect CXXC4 and the migration- and invasion-related factors, N-cadherin and MMP9. Results The expression of HSA in gastric cancer cells was significantly higher than that in gastric cancer cells_ circ_0005692 and CXXC4 showed low expression, while mir - 625 - 5p showed high expression. Dual luciferase assay verified that mir-625-5p could interact with hsa_circ_0005692 and cxxc4 binding, rip test verified that ago2 protein and hsa_ circ _ 0005692, and RNA pull-down test proved that hsa _ circ _ 0005692 specifically binds to mir - 625 - 5p. Overexpression of hsa_circ _0005692 or silencing mir - 625 - 5p can inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells, and promote their apoptosis. The expression of N-cadherin and MMP9 related to migration and invasion decreased, while overexpression of mir - 625 - 5p or silencing CXXC4 can reverse hsa _ circ _ 0005692 overexpression inhibited the biological activity of gastric cancer cells. Conclusions hsa_circ_0005692 may up-regulate the CXXC4 gene by adsorbing miR-625-5p, thereby inhibiting proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoting the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells.

Abstract: Objective To evaluate the accuracy of high-frequency ultrasound in detecting myocardial damage and cervical vascular lesions caused by liver cirrhosis in rats. Methods Rats were divided into a model group and a control group. After 9 weeks, the cardiac function and common carotid artery-related indicators were detected in the two groups, and HE staining was used to observe the pathological morphological changes of the liver, heart, and common carotid artery. Pearson’ s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the actual left ventricular weight (LVM), ultrasound LVM, common carotid artery wall thickness determined by ultrasound, and actual thickness of HE staining common carotid intima. Results The structures of the liver, myocardial tissue, and common carotid artery in the control group were normal. In contrast, we observed false leaflets, disorganized liver cells, absent or edged central veins, various degrees of liver cell degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration, and a loose and swollen structure of myocardial cells in the model group. In addition, myocardial fibers were disorganized, broken, and infiltrated by inflammatory cells, the extracellular matrix was increased, the inner wall of the common carotid artery was thicker, and the lumen was narrowed and reduced in size. The actual LVM and measured of HE staining common carotid artery intima in the model group were greater than those in the control group (P< 0. 05). The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVM, and heart rate in the model group were higher than that in the control group, and fraction shortening was lower in the model group than in the control group (P< 0. 05). The carotid artery inner diameter, tube wall thickness, and blood flow velocity were reduced compared with the control group, and the pulsation index and resistance index were higher in the model group than in the control group (P< 0. 05). Pearson’ s correlation analysis showed that the ultrasound LVM was positively correlated with the measured LVM ( r= 0. 875, P< 0. 001), and the ultrasound-measured carotid artery wall thickness was positively correlated with the measured thickness of HE-stained common carotid intima (r= 0. 821, P< 0. 001). Conclusions Using high-frequency ultrasound to evaluate myocardial damage and cervical vascular lesions in liver cirrhosis rats provides accurate and reliable result , highlighting its potential use in clinical applications.

Abstract: Objective To induce a hyperlipidemic animal model by feeding Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats a high-fat diet, explore the variation in relevant indicators by comparing the difference between 8 and 14 days of modeling, and provide a reference for the establishment of animal models to facilitate the evaluation of hypolipidemic agents. Methods Models were established in 8 and 14 days under the same environmental conditions according to the same standards. Seventy-two male SD rats were randomly divided into the model and control groups. Model feed was given to the model groups, and maintenance feed was given to the control groups. The indicators of hyperlipidemia were evaluated in the established SD models. Results The total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the model group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P< 0. 01). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower than that in the control group (P< 0. 01). The correlation trend of each index between the two model groups was highly consistent. Similarly, the correlation trend of each index between the two control groups was highly consistent. However, the correlation between the model group and the control group was quite different. The serum triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein levels in the two model groups were significantly different (P< 0. 01). Liver pathological changes of different degrees were observed 8 and 14 days after modeling. Conclusions Hyperlipidemia models were successfully induced in both 8 and 14 days. They were both mixed hyperlipidemia models. The method used in this study is feasible, stable, and reproducible.

Abstract: Objective To establish a skeletal muscle injury rat model using different amounts of eccentric exercise, and to observe the effects of the model on the expression of inflammatory genes in soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. Methods Male Wister rats were randomly divided into three groups: quiet control group (group A), one- time centrifugal exercise injury group (1Tgroup), and one-week centrifugal exercise injury group (1 W group). The rats used the animal treadmill to run downhill (centrifugal movement), and the gradient of the treadmill was - 16°. The 1 W group first received one week of adaptive training followed by one week of formal training. One week of adaptive training was given to the 1T group followed by one session of intensive centrifugal exercise. Twenty-four hours after the last training, all rats were fasted overnight for 12 hours, then weighed, anesthetized and sampled. Results Compared with group A, the serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels of rats in the 1T and 1 W groups were significantly higher (P< 0. 05 or P< 0. 01) and the serum CK and LDH levels of rats in the 1 W group were significantly lower than those in the 1T group (P< 0. 05 or P< 0. 01). There was no difference in mRNA levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, NLRP3, TNF-α, or IL-1β between soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles in group A (P> 0. 05). The number of capillaries in the soleus was greater than that in the extensor digitorum longus in group A. The mRNA levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, NLRP3, TNF-α and IL-1β in the soleus of the 1T group were significantly higher than those in the soleus of group A (P< 0. 01). There was a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration between the soleus muscle cells, and the intercellular space was increased. The mRNA levels of TLR4 and IL-1β in the extensor digitorum longus in the 1T group were significantly higher than those in group A ( P< 0. 01), and the mRNA levels of MyD88, NF-κB and NLRP3 in the extensor digitorum longus were significantly lower than those in the soleus in the 1T group (P < 0. 01). The mRNA levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NLRP3 in the soleus of the 1T group were significantly higher than those of group A (P< 0. 01), and the level of TLR4 mRNA was significantly lower than that of the 1T group (P< 0. 05). The level of TLR4 mRNA in the extensor digitorum longus in the 1 W group was significantly higher than that in group A (P< 0. 01), and the mRNA levels of MyD88 and NLRP3 were significantly lower than those in the soleus in the 1 W group (P< 0. 01). The microstructure of soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles in the 1 W group was little changed. Conclusions One-time eccentric exercise and one week eccentric exercise can cause a certain degree of injury and inflammation in skeletal muscle of rats, which may be related to the activation of TLR4/ MyD88-related signaling stimulated by eccentric exercise. Compared with one week of centrifugation, one time high-intensity centrifugation caused more serious damage to skeletal muscle and higher expression of inflammatory factors. The degree of injury in the soleus of rats was greater than that in the extensor digitorum longus.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of Schisandrin B ( Sch B) on ultrastructural damage to hippocampal synapsesinduced by chronic alcoholism. Methods Rats were intragastrically administered 56° Hongxing Erguotou continuously for 8 weeksand were then randomly divided into four groups. Rats in the low-, medium-, and high-dose Sch B groups were treated with Sch B by gavage once a day for 30 consecutive days, the dose of Sch B in each group was 10, 20, and 40 mg / kg, respectively. A blank control group consisted of five ratsadministereddistilled water intragastrically. The Morris water maze was used to test the learning and memory ability of rats in each group. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area of rats in each group and to determine the morphological parameters of synapse structure. Results In the Morris water maze, compared with the blank control group, the incubation period of the spatial probe test and their time to cross the platform in the alcoholism group were significantly different (P< 0.05). Compared with the alcoholism group, the incubation periods of the spatial probe test of the low-, medium-, and the high-dose Sch B groups were shortened, and their times to cross the platform were increased, with these Results beingsignificant for the high-dose Sch B group (P<0.05). The following Results were observed by transmission electron microscopy of hippocampal cells of alcoholism group rats: cellular edema, swollen cell nucleus, decreased numbers of organelles, obviously swelled mitochondria, severely swelled synaptosomes, widened synaptic space, uneven dense matter in the post-synaptic membrane and significantly decreased number of synapses (P<0. 05). Compared with the alcoholism group, neurons in the Sch B groups had abundant cytoplasm, increased numbers of organelles, reduced cell damage, reduced synaptosome swelling, and clearer synaptic gaps. Compared with the alcoholism group, all Sch B groups had significantly increased numbers of synapses with shortened synaptic gaps and thickened dense matter in the post - synaptic membrane ( P < 0. 05). Conclusions Sch B can improve the synaptic plasticity of rat hippocampal CA1 neurons by changing their ultrastructure, thereby improving the learning and memory ability of rats with chronic alcoholism.

Abstract: Objective To observe the effects of rosiglitazone (RGZ) on the proliferation of HELF cells( human embryonic lung fibroblast) and p38 / MAPK signaling. Methods HELF cells were cultured in DMEM medium. The cells were divided into a control group, TGF-β1 group, low dose RGz (LD-RGZ) group, and high dose RGZ (HD-RGZ) group. CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferation, and the cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect protein expression. Results At 24, 48, and 72 h, the OD₄₅₀ values in the HD-RGZ group were significantly lower than those in the LD-RGZ group (P< 0. 05), and those in the LD-RGZ group were significantly lower than the values in the TGF-β1 group (P< 0. 05). The proportion of G1 phase cells in the control, TGF-β, LD-RGZ, and HD-RGZ groups was (91. 23 ± 6. 32)%, ( 70. 35 ± 4. 14)%, ( 76. 12 ± 4. 38)%, and ( 82. 35 ± 5. 16)%, respectively. There was a significant difference among the groups ( P< 0. 05 ). The percentage of G1 phase cells in the HD-RGZ group was significantly higher than that in the LD-RGZ group (P< 0. 05), and the proportion in the LD-RGZ group was significantly higher than that in the TGF-β1 group (P< 0. 05). The protein expression of Col I, Col III, and phospho-p38 / MAPK in the HD-RGZ group was significantly lower than that in the LD-RGZ group (P< 0. 01), and the levels in the LD-RGZ group were significantly lower than those in the TGF-β1 group ( P< 0. 01). Conclusions RGZ can inhibit the p38 / MAPK pathway to impair the proliferation and collagen synthesis of pulmonary fibroblasts.

Abstract:To investigate the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on the surface of salmonto provide data for the control of COVID-19. Methods A 100 μL droplet of virus culture was pipetted ontothe surface of salmon and then incubated at 4℃ or 22℃ for up to 5 days. A 100 μL droplet of virus culture was also pipetted into 4% NaCl imitation seawater and then incubated at 4℃ and 22℃ for up to 9 days.The infectivity of virus collectedfrom salmon surfacesand from the 4% NaCl brine was titrated using the Vero E6 cell line. Results The virus on salmon surfacesretained viability for 4days at 4℃ , and for 1 day at 22℃ ; 50% of infectivity was lost after 1 day at both temperatures.Virus in 4% NaCl imitation seawaterretained viability for 7 days at 4℃ and for 2 days at 22℃ ; 50% of infectivity was lost after 1 day at both temperatures. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 remained viable on salmon surfaces for 1-4 days at 4℃ and 22℃ . SARS-CoV-2 remained viable in 4% NaCl imitation sea water for 2-7 day sat 4℃ and 22℃.

Abstract: Objective To research the performance qualification of whole-body plethysmography in SD rats with baclofen and aminophylline. Methods Totally 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control group, baclofen group, and aminophylline group. The baclofen and aminophylline group received a single dose of 30 mg / kg baclofen or aminophylline in the study. The tidal volume box(TVb), minute ventilation box(MVb), and respiratory rate ( f)were detected with whole-body plethysmography at before dosing and 1 h, 2 h, 4 h after dosing. And tested the stability of the system through repeated the study twice. Results Control group had no significant change on the respiratory parameters.Compared with control group, TVb of the baclofen group increased significantly at 1, 2, 4 h after dosing(P< 0. 05), And f decreased at 1, 2, 4 h after dosing ( P< 0. 05). F and MVb of the aminophylline group increased significantly at 1, 2, 4 h after dosing(P< 0. 05). The result of two repeated studies were consistent with the first data. Conclusions The whole-body plethysmography can detect relevant changes in the respiratory system in SD rats after dosing. It can be used in conducting respiratory safety pharmacological investigation.

Abstract:Infectious animal diseases seriously threaten the development and survival of animals and humans, and are a common problem requiring global attention. Research into infectious diseases of domestic animals has progressed greatly in recent years and has achieved a series of important result . This article is based on papers and reports of the National Academic Symposium of the Animal Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Society of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (2015~ 2019),summarize the data, analyze the rules, analyze the research characteristics and rules of domestic animal infectious disease during the " 13th Five-Year Plan" period, and provide references for the construction and development of animal infectious diseases. The research scope of animal infectious diseases and the types of epidemic diseases are more extensive, and more attention is paid to new infectious diseases; the mechanism research is more in- depth; the research on epidemic diseases has obvious regional characteristics, and the regional characteristics of research institutions are obvious.

Abstract:Mitochondrial dynamics refers to maintenance of the mitochondrial network and the provision of energy for cells during division and fusion. Mitochondria can be easily damaged by various factors, especially abnormal mitosis, which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases. Drp1 ( dynamin-related protein 1) is a crucial protein in mitochondrial division. Increased levels of Drp1 in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mediate the interaction between mitochondrial fragmentation and AD pathology and accelerate the disease process. Here, we review the current understanding of Drp1 protein structure, activity regulation and its relationship with AD to clarify the relationship between Drp1, mitochondria and AD pathology. We also discuss the development of new drugs targeting mitochondrial kinetic proteins.

Abstract:Melanoma accounts for a third of all malignant skin tumors. The morbidity and mortality of melanoma have rapidly increased in recent decades, creating a global health burden. The overall success rate of melanoma treatment is poor compared with other malignant tumors. Animal models are an important tool for studying the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment options of a disease and for identifying potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers. Mouse models of melanoma can be divided into induction, transplantation, and transgenic models. However, no mouse model of melanoma is fully consistent with the human disease. This article summarizes of use of mouse models in melanoma research over the past 20 years. We summarize and compare the preparation, advantages, disadvantages, and scope of application of melanoma mouse models, and we discuss their optimization for the evaluation of drugs and vaccines.

Abstract:COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) caused by SARS-CoV-2 ( severe acute respiratory syndrome- coronavirus 2) began to spread globally in 2020. Although all countries took extensive measures to fight the epidemic, it still caused a global pandemic and posed serious international public health concerns. At present, the source and intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2 are not yet known, but vaccine research and development in our country are in a leading position globally, and a variety of effective vaccines have been obtained. Appropriate experimental animal models are of great significance to basic research and drug development for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID- 19. This article summarized the infection and pathological characteristics of various SARS-CoV-2-susceptible animal models developed since the outbreak of the epidemic and analyzed the potential applications of different experimental animals. It aimed to provide a reference for selecting appropriate experimental animals for the development of novel COVID-19 vaccines and drugs.