Abstract: Objective To explore the effect of lidocaine ( LID) on ischemia-reperfusion injury in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) rats and to analyze its mechanism of action. Methods Sixty rats were randomly divided into Verteporfin group, high-dose LID( High LID) , medium-dose LID( Medium LID) , low-dose LID( Low LID) , Model and Control groups,on average. The rest of the rats except the control rats were used to establish OLT models. Observe the pathological changes in liver tissue were with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Serum aspartate transaminase ( AST ) , total bilirubin ( TBIL) , lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) activities and alanine transaminase (ALT) were detected. Measure liver tissue levels of proinflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α) , interleukin ( IL) -6, IL-1β, and IL-10 with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) was detected by a fluorescence probe.Malondialdehyde (MDA) was detected by the thiobarbituric acid colorimetric method . Superoxide dismutase ( SOD) was detected by nitrogen blue tetrazole colorimetry. Glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px) was detected by a spectrophotometry method . Apoptosis of liver histiocytes was detected by in situ end labeling. Detect the expression of mammalian STE20 like protein kinase (MST1) , phosphorylation ( p) -MST1, large tumor suppressor factor 1 ( LATS1) , p-LATS1, Yes associated protein (YAP) , p-YAP, and apoptosis-related proteins B-cell lymphoma 2 ( Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 related X protein ( Bax) with Western blot. Results Compared with the Control group, liver tissue in Model group rats showed injury, liver cell necrosis, and a large degree of inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, the cell apoptosis rate; serum AST, ALT, TBIL,and LDH activities; and liver tissue levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MDA, ROS, and Bax were significantly increased.Furthermore, liver tissue levels of IL-10, SOD, GSH-Px, Bcl-2, p-MST1 / MST1, p-LATS1 / LATS1, and p-YAP / YAP proteins were significantly reduced ( P< 0. 05) . Compared with the Model group, liver tissue injury was reduced in Low LID, Medium LID, and High LID groups. The cell apoptosis rate; serum AST, ALT, TBIL, and LDH activities; and liver tissue levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MDA, ROS, and Bax were significantly reduced. Moreover, liver tissue levels of IL10, SOD, GSH-Px, Bcl-2, p-MST1 / MST1, p-LATS1 / LATS1, and p-YAP / YAP proteins were significantly increased (P<0. 05) . Hippo-YAP signaling pathway inhibitor verteporfin reversed the improving effect of LID on ischemia-reperfusion injury in OLT rats (P<0. 05) . Conclusions LID may activate the Hippo-YAP pathway, which reduces the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and liver cell apoptosis, and improves liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in OLT rats.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of osteopontin (OPN) in hepatoma cell migration through galectin-3 binding protein ( LGALS3BP) . Methods Human hepatoma cell lines SMMC-7721, SMMC-P ( stably transfected with empty eukaryotic expression vectors) , and SMMC-OPN ( stably transfected with the OPN gene) were cultured. mRNA expression levels of OPN and LGALS3BP were measured by RT-qPCR. Western blot assays were used to analyze the relative protein expression of OPN and LGALS3BP and PI3K / AKT pathway. Wound healing assays were performed to explore the cell migration ability. After transfection with LGALS3BP-targeting small interfering RNA ( siLGALS3BP) or negative control small RNA ( si-NC) into SMMC-OPN cells, cell migration and relative expression of PI3K / AKT pathway-related proteins were assessed. Results Compared with SMMC-7721 and SMMC-P, the migratory ability of SMMC-OPN cells was significantly reinforced, and expression of LGALS3BP was obviously upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, relative expression of p-PI3K / PI3K and p-AKT / AKT proteins was significantly increased. Wound healing assays showed that the si-LGALS3BP obviously suppressed the migratory ability of SMMC-OPN cells. Furthermore, relative expression of p-PI3K / PI3K and p-AKT / AKT proteins in SMMC-OPN cells was significantly decreased after transfection of si-LGALS3BP. Conclusions OPN activates the PI3K / AKT pathway by upregulating LGALS3BP expression to promote hepatoma cell migration.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of Yantiao Fang on apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in mice with acute gastrointestinal injury caused by sepsis by regulating the Rho / ROCK signaling pathway. Methods Seventy BALB / c mice were randomly divided into normal, sham, and model groups. Except for normal and sham groups, mice were subjected to cecal ligation and perforation to establish a mouse model of acute gastrointestinal injury caused by sepsis.The mouse models were randomly divided into model, Low, Medium, and High dose of Yantiao Fang, and ROCK inhibitor groups. Histopathological changes of the ileum were observed by HE staining. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. PCNA and Ki-67 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. Cleaved caspase3 and Bax expression was detected by Western blot. ROCK and MLC mRNA expression in the ileum was measured by RTqPCR. Results Compared with normal and sham groups, Chiu’ s pathological score, proinflammatory factor ( IL-1β, IL6, and TNF-α) levels, cleaved caspase3 and Bax protein expression, and ROCK and MLC mRNA levels were increased in the model group (P<0. 05) . Moreover, anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 and expression of PCNA and Ki-67 in the ileum were decreased in the model group (P<0. 05) . Compared with the model group, histopathological changes of the ileum in all Yantiao Fang groups were improved by various degrees with the increase in dose. Chiu’ s pathological score, IL-1β, IL6, and TNF-α serum levels, cleaved caspase3 and Bax protein expression, and ROCK and MLC mRNA levels were decreased in Yantian Fang groups ( P< 0. 05) . The IL-10 level and expression of PCNA and Ki-67 in the ileum were increased in Yantian Fang groups ( P< 0. 05) . Conclusions Yantiao Fang may inhibit apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in mice with acute gastrointestinal injury due to sepsis by regulating the Rho / ROCK signaling pathway, thereby alleviating intestinal tissue inflammation and ultimately preventing intestinal mucosal tissue injury.

Abstract: Objective To establish female and male bovine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) models and compare the effects of gender diffe rences on joint and extra-articular manifestations of the CIA model. Methods The CIA model was induced by injection of bovine type Ⅱ collagen and Freund’ s complete adjuvant into female and male SD rats. The general condition, arthritis index, foot swelling, serum proinflammatory factors and plasminogen activator inhibitor levels,spleen index, knee and ankle joint pathologies, right rear paw bone destruction, and pulmonary interstitial lesions were evaluated. Results The arthritis index of female CIA rats was significantly higher than that of male CIA rats on day 21 after initial immunization (P<0. 05) , but no significant difference was found in the degree of foot swelling between the two groups at any time point (P>0. 05) . Serum tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and the spleen index of female CIA rats were significantly higher than those of male CIA rats (P<0. 05, P< 0. 001) . No significant difference was found in plasminogen activator inhibitor levels (P>0. 05) . The scores of inflammatory cell infiltration and synovial hyperplasia in the knee and ankle pathologies of female CIA rats were significantly higher than those of male CIA rats ( P<0. 05) , and cartilage damage of the knee joint and bone damage of the right rear paw of female CIA rats were significantly higher than that of male rats (P<0. 05) . Both male and female CIA rats showed pulmonary interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration and mild fibrosis, but the pulmonary interstitial lesions in females were more severe than those in males. Conclusions Female and male CIA models established in SD rats have arthritis and pulmonary interstitial lesions, but the lesion degree in female CIA rats is more serious. When using CIA models for RA-related research, attention should be focused on the effect of gender differences.

Abstract: Objective Changes in relevant indexes in the mouse model of early-onset ovarian insufficiency caused by Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside were analyzed, and the optimal time point for intervention was determined. Methods Forty female ICR mice were randomly divided into control and A, B, C, and D model groups with eight mice in each group. The control group was gavaged with purified water for 14 days ( 0. 01 mL / 10 g) , and the remaining groups were administered a Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside suspension (80 mg / kg, 0. 01 mL / 10 g) for 1 day (A model group) , 3 days (B model group) , 7 days (C model group) , or 14 days (D model group) , and samples were collected. Body weight and wet weights of the uterus and bilateral ovaries of mice were determined in each group. Serum FSH, LH, E2, P,AMH, INH-B, and T contents were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassays. HE staining was used to observe the number and developmental status of follicles and corpus luteum at all levels in mice of each group. TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptosis in the ovaries of mice in each group. IHC detected expression of VEGFA, CD34, and EPO proteins in the ovaries of mice in each group. mRNA expression of HIF-1α, SDF-1, and CXCR4 in each group of mice was detected by PCR. Results Compared with the control group, changes in indicators in model A mice did not meet the POI modeling standard. The ovarian index, uterine index, and body weight of mice in the B model group were decreased significantly (P<0. 01) , the weight of the C model group was decreased significantly (P<0. 01) , and the ovarian index of the D model group was decreased significantly (P<0. 05) . Serum contents of FSH and LH in B, C, and D model groups were increased (P<0. 05, P<0. 01) , the E2, PROG, AMH, INH-B, and T contents were decreased ( P < 0. 01) . The numbers of basal follicles, pre-sinus follicles, sinusoidal follicles, antral follicles, preovulatory follicles, and corpus luteum were decreased significantly (P<0. 05, P<0. 01) and the number of atresia follicles was increased significantly (P<0. 01) in B, C, and D model groups. The apoptotic area of TUNEL staining in A, B, C, and D model groups was increased significantly (P<0. 05, P<0. 01) . Expression of CD34, VEGFA, and EPO in B, C, and D model groups was decreased significantly (P<0. 05, P < 0. 01) . mRNA expression of HIF-1α, SDF-1, and CXCR4 in A and B model groups was significantly increased (P<0. 05, P< 0. 01) . Compared with the B model group, the relevant indexes of C and D model groups were changed significantly, indicating that C and D models were more serious and tended to develop POF. Conclusions The B model group is the turning point of ovarian function from impaired POI to irreversible POF, suggesting that 3 days of administrating Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside is optimal to induce a POI disease model for effective drug intervention.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the correlation between brain injury and spleen damage in a rat model of acute ischemic stroke and stasis interaction, and its effect on the MCP-1 / CCR2 axis, and to provide an experimental basis for the mechanism of brain-spleen inflammatory coupling in spleen lesions caused by acute ischemic stroke. Methods Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into a sham group, carrageenan / yeast stasis syndrome group ( carrageenan /yeast, CA / Y) , middle cerebral artery occlusion group ( MCAO) , and middle cerebral artery stasis syndrome group ( MCAO CA / Y) with 10 rats in each group. CA / Y and MCAO CA / Y groups were injected with 10 mg / kg carrageenan and 10 mg / kg intraperitoneally on the first day of modeling. 2 mg / kg of dry yeast suspension were injected subcutaneously on the second day. MCAO and MCAO CA / Y groups were established by wire embolism on the second day. At 24 h after cerebral infarction modeling, the neurological deficit score was calculated in each group, the percentage of the cerebral infarction area was determined by TTC staining, the spleen weight was measured, and the correlation between the percentage of the cerebral infarction area and spleen weight was analyzed by the Spearman correlation coefficient.Furthermore, the pathological morphology of brain and spleen tissues was observed by hematoxylin-eosin ( HE) staining,and chemotactic protein 1 ( MCP-1) and interferon-γ ( IFN-γ) contents were measured in rat plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Western blot was used to detect chemokine C-C-motif receptor 2 (CCR2) protein expression in the ischemic side of brain tissue. Results Compared with the sham group, the neurological deficit score, cerebral infarction area, and MCP-1 and IFN-γ contents in plasma were significantly increased ( P< 0. 01) , spleen weight was decreased significantly (P<0. 01) , and CCR2 protein expression in brain tissue was significantly upregulated ( P< 0. 05) in MCAO and MCAO CA / Y groups. Moreover, the area of cerebral infarction was increased significantly ( P< 0. 01) , the spleen weight was decreased significantly (P< 0. 01) , and CCR2 protein expression in brain and spleen tissues was significantly upregulated (P<0. 05) Compared with the MCAO group, the area of cerebral infarction in the MCAO CA / Y group was significantly increased (P<0. 01) and the spleen weight was decreased significantly ( P< 0. 05) . Spearman correlation analysis showed that the spleen weight was negatively correlated to the percentage of the cerebral infarction area (P<0. 01,r= -0. 9711) . Pathological morphology observation revealed that the pathological changes in the MCAO CA / Y group were the most serious, cerebral liquefaction necrosis foci were seen in the brain tissue cortex, arrangement of neuronal cells in the lesions was sparse and disordered with volume atrophy and a small number of vacuoles and nuclear solidification, most neuronal cells were degenerated and necrotic, microglia hyperplasia was obvious, small blood vessels were significantly increased, and interstitial lipid degeneration was severe. The density of periarterial lymph sheath cells in some of the spleen tissue was reduced and the marginal area is widened. Conclusions A correlation between brain and spleen injury was found after acute ischemic stroke with stasis and toxin syndrome, and the chemokine signaling axis of MCP-1 / CCR2 might be involved in the mechanism of brain-spleen inflammation coupling.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of vitamin D ( VD) on intestinal flora in spontaneously diabetic rats. Methods Zucker diabetic fatty rats ( ZDF rats) were randomised to control (Con) group, VD control (VD) group,model ( T2DM) group, and VD intervention (VD+T2DM) group. Fasting blood glucose profiles and oral glucose tolerance levels were determined in rats of each group. 16S rDNA sequencing was used to assess changes in rat intestinal flora. OTU analysis (Venn diagram) , α diversity analysis ( chao1, observed species, PD whole tree, and shannon and simpson) , β diversity analysis ( principal coordinate analysis ( PCoA) ) , flora structure, and colony species variability analysis ( linear discriminant analysis and influence factor ( LEfSe) analysis) were also performed. Results VD intervention significantly improved fasting blood glucose levels and insulin resistance in T2DM rats ( P< 0. 05) . α diversity showed no significant differences in chao1, observed species, PD whole tree, and shannon and simpson indices between T2DM and VD+T2DM groups (P>0. 05) . β diversity analysis showed that the VD+T2DM group had more species similarity to the Con group than the T2DM group. The dominant bacteria of rat intestinal flora in each group were significantly different. In comparison to the T2DM group, the VD+T2DM group showed a decrease in abundance of Bacteroidetes and increases in abundances of Firmicutes and Clostridium XIVa. Conclusions VD improves fasting glucose elevation and insulin resistance in T2DM rats. VD improves the structure of intestinal flora, decreases Bacteroidetes, and elevates Firmicutes and Clostridium XIVa abundances in T2DM rats.

Abstract: Objective To study the inhibitory effect of Huidu Yinhua powder from the Orthodox Manual of External Medicine on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA) , virulence factor α-hemolysin ( Hla) activity,and biofilm formation, and to explore the optimal ratios of Huidu Yinhua powder and provide experimental support for its use. Methods The inhibitory effects of Huidu Yinhua powder and the herbs in the formula on USA300 were analyzed by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) , minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) , and disk diffusion assay (K-B method ) . Hemolysis, neutralization, oligomerization, and Western blot assays were used to verify in which form the drug inhibits the activity of virulence factor α-hemolysin ( Hla) . A biofilm assay was performed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Huidu Yinhua powder on biofilm. Orthogonal experiments were performed to explore the optimal ratio of Huidu Yinhua powder. Results Huidu Yinhua powder inhibited the MRSA strain with a MIC90 of 64 mg / mL and an MBC of 256 mg / mL with antibacterial circle diameter of ( 7. 50 ± 0. 50) mm. Huidu Yinhua powder inhibited Hla activity by inhibiting Hla secretion. The minimum effective concentration (MEC) was 16 mg / mL, and the MEC of biofilm was 8 mg / mL. In HuiduYinhua powder, honeysuckle and astragalus only affected the hemolytic activity of MRSA and biofilm formation without inhibiting bacterial growth. The hemolytic activity and biofilm of MEC were both 32 mg / mL. Glycyrrhiza had a strong bacterial inhibitory capacity with a MIC90 of 8 mg / mL and biofilm MEC of 1 mg / mL without showing inhibitory hemolytic activity at subinhibitory concentrations. The orthogonal experiment showed that, at a ratio of honeysuckle, astragalus, and glycyrrhiza in Huidu Yinhua powder of 1 ∶ 2 ∶ 4, the MIC90 was 16 mg / mL, MEC of hemolytic activity was 8 mg / mL and that of biofilm was 4 mg / mL, both of which were the lowest among the nine groups. Conclusions Huidu Yinhua powder affects the hemolytic activity and biofilm formation of MRSA at subinhibitory concentrations with the optimal ratio of honeysuckle, astragalus, and glycyrrhiza being 1 ∶ 2 ∶ 4.

Abstract: Objective Using literature metrology, scientific literature in the field of depression models in animals was analyzed to better understand the development trends and hot topics in this field. Methods We obtained publications on depression and animal models from 2013 to 2022 from the Web of Science core set database. CiteSpace 6. 1 R1(64-bit) Basic was used to analyze annual publications, countries, institutions, authors, and keywords related to this field. Results A total of 1000 articles were included in this study. From 2013 to 2022, the number of articles published increased gradually and then stabilized. In terms of the number of articles, the United States had the most published articles (256) .Wegener Gregers was the most influential author in the field with 23 published articles. Conclusions The field focuses on signaling pathways and therapeutic approaches to determine the pathogenesis of depression and better treatments. This study provides a visual analysis of trends in depression research to help researchers keep up with the latest developments.

Abstract: Objective Explore changes in polysaccharides in Jiangxiangru before and after ginger juice preparation, and evaluate polysaccharide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities before and after processing. Methods The contents of Jiangxiangru polysaccharide ( JXRPs ) and Ginger juice processed of Jiangxiangru polysaccharide ( JZJXRPs) before and after processing were determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method. We used the swelling model in rats and endotoxin ( LPS) to establish the RAW264. 7 mouse macrophage inflammation model. The optimal administration concentration was determined using a cell proliferation (MTT) assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to measure Interleukin-6 ( IL-6 ) , Interleukin-12 ( IL-12 ) , Nitric oxide ( NO ) , Interleukin-4 ( IL-4 ) , and Interleukin-10 ( IL-10) . Bleeding time of mice by tail cutting was observed to evaluate the hemostatic effect. The ability to Remove 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2’ -Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) was used to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity. Results The contents of JXRPs and JZJXRPs were 13% and 22%,respectively. In swollen rats at 4 h after injection, compared with the model group, 200 mg / kg JXRPs and 100 mg / kg JZJXRPs significantly reduced rat swelling ( P<0. 05 ) . In vitro anti-inflammation assessment showed that the polysaccharides before and after processing significantly inhibited secretion of IL-6, IL-12, and NO ( P<0. 01 ) and promoted secretion of IL-4 and IL-10 ( P< 0. 01) , and also that processing post-effects were stronger. The hemostatic experiment show that, compared with the control group, JXRPs increased hemostasis, but without a significant difference,and no significant difference was found using JZJXRPs, although high doses showed a trend to increase hemostasis. In vitro antioxidant activity showed that JXRPs and JZJXRPs had different scavenging abilities for DPPH and ABTS with IC50 values of JXRPs of 0. 2215 and 0. 2110 mg / ml, respectively, and IC50 values of JZJXRPs of 0. 1651 and 0. 1884 mg / mL,respectively. Conclusions After Jiangxiangru is produced in ginger juice, it promotes dissolution of polysaccharides and increases polysaccharide content. Anti-inflammatory, hemostasis, and antioxidant capacities are stronger in JZJXRPS than JXRPS, which lays the foundation for follow-up research and clinical applications of JXRPS.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the modeling elements of various types of animal models for acute liver injury, and to provide references and suggestions to establish and evaluate animal models of acute liver injury ( ALI) . Methods The animal experimental literature of ALI from 2002 to 2022 was searched in the databases of the China Knowledge Network, WanFang, Chongqing Vip (VIP) , Chinese Medical Journal Full Text Data( Yiigle) , and PubMed.The animal species, positive control drugs, modeling method , modeling drugs, and drug administration of the animal models of ALI in the literature were summarized. The result were analyzed using Excel, SPSS Modeler 18. 0, and Cytoscape 3. 8. 2. Results A total of 896 articles were included in the databases. The most used animal models for ALI were male KM mice. The modeling method were mainly chemical liver injury, alcoholic liver injury, drug-related liver injury, and immune liver injury. ①The corresponding main modeling method were intraperitoneal injection of 10 mL / kg of 0. 1% CCl 4 in vegetable oil at 24 h before experiments, ②gavage of 12. 0 mL / kg of 50. 0% ~ 56. 0% ethanol at 16 h before experiments, ③intraperitoneal injection of 300 mg / kg APAP at 24 h before experiments, ④tail vein injection of 20 mg / kg Con A at 8 h before experiments. Evaluation of the models was based on liver pathological indexes as the gold standard combined with biochemical indexes of serum ALT, AST, and SOD and MDA contents and activities in liver tissue homogenate as direct indicators. Conclusions Because the causes of ALI vary in clinical practice, the preparation of animal models of ALI should be based on the specific study content and characteristics, and the corresponding modeling method should be selected.

Abstract: Objective To establish a genetic monitoring method for laboratory quails. Methods Quail microsatellite loci were searched in the literature, and microsatellite DNA loci suitable for quails were screened by an interspecific transfer method in closely related species, namely chickens and ducks. Quail liver DNA was extracted as a template, and the corresponding loci were screened by PCR amplification and agarose gel electrophoresis. On the basis of amplification of the selected microsatellite loci, the number of alleles, polymorphisms, and microsatellite loci combinations for quail genetic quality detection were selected and detection method were developed. Results We preliminary determined 23 microsatellite loci for genetic monitoring of closed-colony laboratory quails. Conclusions A genetic monitoring method for laboratory quails was preliminary developed.

Abstract: Objective In the traditional laboratory zoology lecture environment, there is less teacher-student interaction, less student interest, and less engagement in learning. To improve the teaching quality of laboratory animal science, this teaching and research department was based on different teaching environments of multimedia and intelligent classrooms, theoretical course teaching of Medical Laboratory Animal Science as the research object, the course lecture format, teaching mode, teaching method , and other aspects of innovation and exploration. Methods This study used questionnaires to understand changes in student engagement in learning and preferences for smart classroom use, and NVivo qualitative analysis software was used to code student classroom behavior. Results The smart teaching environment resulted in higher student interest and more frequent teacher-student interaction in the classroom. Students were significantly more engaged in learning than in traditional teaching with higher correct rates on in-class and post-lesson exercises and a better grasp of concepts related to laboratory animal science. Conclusions A smart teaching environment brings students a better feeling and experience, improves their interest in laboratory animal science, increases classroom learning engagement, and achieves good teaching result.

Abstract:Methamphetamine ( METH) is highly addictive and neurotoxic, which causes cognitive and memory dysfunction in abusers. The harm of METH lies not only in its own toxicity, but also in the high physical and mental dependence of drug addicts, often causing mental disorders and violent behavior, bringing great safety risks to society.Non-coding RNA ( ncRNA) does not encode proteins and is an important factor in regulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Studies have shown that ncRNA plays an important regulatory role in methamphetamine-induced addiction and neurotoxicity, but the specific mechanism is unclear. This article reviews the current research progress of ncRNA in regulating METH-induced addiction and neurotoxicity to provide a reference for ncRNA as a forensic identification index and potential therapeutic target for METH abusers.

Abstract:Skin modeling of transdermal drug delivery system refers to experimental models that mimic the structure and function of human skin to explore and evaluate absorption, penetration, and efficacy of medicines in transdermal drug delivery. It provides an alternative to traditional human skin experiments and reduces the use of human skin in medical research, which is convenient, controllable, and cost effective. For skin models of transdermal drug delivery systems, this article introduces commonly used animal skin models, artificial skin models, and recombinant human skin models from the perspective of the transdermal absorption pathway of medicines, and analyzes their advantages,disadvantages, and applications so provide references the research and development of transdermal formulations and topical therapies.

Abstract:Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid that was initially used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent in clinical treatment of enteritis, peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, pneumonia, and other diseases. In recent years, indepth study of the pharmacological effects of berberine has provided increasing evidence that berberine has neuroprotective effects on ischemic stroke. In this review, we introduce the effect of berberine on risk factors of ischemic stroke and discuss the neuroprotective effects of berberine on various mechanisms of ischemic stroke in detail to provide a reference for clinical and basic research in this field.

Abstract:Leukemia is a critical disease with a high incidence and extremely high fatality rate. Immune escape by leukemia stem cells ( LSC ) is the main factor for recurrence and progression after remission. Clinical diagnosis and treatment by Traditional Chinese Medicine( TCM) have distinct advantages of syndrome differentiation and treatment. Based on the purpose of diagnosis and treatment, leukemia treatment by TCM emphasizes the harmony of yin and yang to restore human functions, which is conducive to improve autoimmunity and conforms to the mechanism of intervention for tumor cell immune escape. This article discusses the mechanism and research progress of TCM interventions in LSC immune escape based on literature and TCM theory.

Abstract:Cardiovascular disease is a health hazard to humans and systolic heart failure due to myocardial infarction is a major cause of death. It was previously thought that myocardial cells of the adult mammalian heart possess a limited ability to proliferate and self-renew. However, it has been widely reported that mammals have the ability to regenerate the myocardium, which is restricted to early postnatal life, and that it is strong enough to repair damaged heart tissue. The discovery of myocardial regeneration in neonatal hearts has provided an ideal animal model to investigate the mechanisms that affect myocardial regeneration, and many mechanisms that reverse myocardial cell cycle arrest and promote myocardial regeneration have been revealed. In this article, we review the factors affecting gene expression for myocardial regeneration ( e. g. , ncRNAs and transcription factors ) , myocardial regeneration-related signaling pathways, and the regulation of myocardial regeneration by non-myocardial cells ( e. g. , extracellular matrix, immune response, and epicardium) to provide directions for achieving myocardial regeneration after myocardial injury in adult mammals.

Abstract:A visual and quantitative method of dynamically measuring microcirculatory blood flow in a tissue or organ in real time was developed using laser speckle contrast imaging technology. It has been used in numerous microcirculation detection domains because of its benefits of in vivo detection, real-time imaging, and ease of operation.Most animal models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion involve decreasing blood flow to the brain from bilateral common carotid arteries, which can lead to a protracted deficit in cerebral blood supply. By monitoring and analyzing cortical cerebral blood flow, collateral circulation opening, and neurovascular coupling responses, laser speckle contrast imaging technology assesses the efficacy of modeling and the therapeutic effect of interventions in animal models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. This article summarizes the benefits and drawbacks of laser speckle contrast imaging in an animal model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion to promote novel approaches to clinical care and academic study.

Abstract:PD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by degenerative death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, exhibiting a range of motor and non-motor symptoms with serious effects on quality of life. circRNA is a covalently closed-loop non-coding RNA that plays a major role in PD progression. This article reviews the involvement of circRNA in oxidative stress, regulation of transcription, neuroinflammation, autophagy, and α-synuclein.

Abstract:AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a conserved cellular energy receptor that plays an important role in regulating cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, phosphorylation, crosstalk, and glucose and lipid metabolism. AMPK is activated during low-energy or other extreme conditions, and it is suppressed by an excess of nutrients to maintain the energy balance. Additionally, the regulatory mechanism of the AMPK signaling pathway mediating ferroptosis reflects its unique role. AMPK plays a specialized regulatory function in various organelles, which provides a new direction for disease therapy. It is also a therapeutic target to prevent diseases such as reproductive system diseases,aging, cancer, inflammation and cardiac dysfunction. This article reviews cellular energy imbalance. AMPK stimulates its potential therapeutic potential in diseases and drugs through diverse signal regulatory mechanisms. It provides a new treatment for different system diseases. This review summarizes the diverse regulatory mechanisms of the AMPK signaling pathway and provides a theoretical reference for cancer therapy and other disease therapies targeting AMPK.