Objective To evaluate the efficacy and renal histopathological observation, microsphere was used as an embolic agent for unilateral renal artery. Methods Eight beagle dogs are included in this study. According to the experimental design, eight beagle dogs were randomly divided into 4 groups with each group 2 dogs. At the first, fourth, twelfth and twenty-sixth week after embolization, Each dog was divided into embolization group and normal control group by self-control. The left renal arteries were selected as the target organs for embolization with microspheres. Two dogs were chosen for the examination of angiography and DSA to observe the change of the embolized kidneys,respectively. Then the dogs were sacrificed and histological evaluation of the embolized kidneys was performed. Results Gross examination showed the size of the kidney was gradually smaller than the contralateral kidney at the fourth,twelfth and twenty-sixth week after embolization. The kidney was light colored, uneven. The surface of the kidney was gradually rough, uneven. Renal capsule was hard to separated from the kidney. Light microscopy showed that microspheres may still be seen in the small branches of arcuate artery at the fourth, twelfth and twenty-sixth week after embolization. Arterial wall hyaline, peripheral arterial fibrosis. With the time of embolism extended, A variety of degenerative changes such as atrophy, degeneration, renal infarction can be seen in the early stage; Many progressive changes such as renal tubule regeneration, granulation tissue and remodeling and other pathological changes can be seen in later stage. There is almost normal glomerulus and renal tubule structure in the embolismic kidney.Conclusions Microsphere has an specific effect of embolization on unilateral renal artery.