Objective The rational use of antibiotics is critical for the prevention of surgical site infection. Therefore, revealing its relationship with the infection of clean incisions and its impact on the clinical surgical infection rate would provide a scientific basis for the rational use of drugs and clinical interventions during the surgical period. Methods Patients who had undergone cleaning of infected incisions were registered and tracked according to the medical records from an electronic information platform, which allows retrospective and real?time investigation. The following information was recorded and analyzed in an Excal form: name, age, sex, length of hospital stay, operation, amount of bleeding, information on antibacterial drug use, combination drug therapy, nosocomial infection and incision healing, and the database was built. Wound infection was diagnosed based on Hospital Infection Diagnostic Criteria (Trial) and Surgical Site Hospital Infection Prevention and Control Technical Guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health. Finally, the effect of rational use of antibiotics on clinical operation was evaluated according to the results of statistical analysis. Results There were a total of 970 cases registered with incision cleaning in this study. Prophylactic antibiotics were used in 653 cases, with a use rate of 67. 32%. The cases with antibiotics usage in the perioperative period were divided into three groups based on the time distribution of antibiotic treatment: there were 437 cases (66. 92%) with the usage of antibiotics 0. 5 - 2 h before the operation, 190 cases (29. 10%) with the usage after the operation, of which emergency operation accounted for 123 cases, and 26 cases (3. 98%) with the usage 1 day before the surgery. Among the 653 cases, 194 cases (29. 71%)were recorded with antibiotic usage in the perioperative period < 24 h, 164 cases (25. 11%) 24 - 48 h after the operation, 101 cases (15. 47%) 48 - 72 h after the operation, and 194 cases (29. 71%) > 72 h after the operation. There were 516 cases with reasonable indications, at a rate of 79. 02%. Among the total of 970 patients included in the study with incision cleaning in surgery, the number of grade A healing cases was 945, with the grade A healing rate being 97. 42%, leaving 5 cases (0. 52%) suffering from incision infection. Therefore, the infection rate met the national regulations on nosocomial infection rate of clean incisions of ≤ 1. 5%. Conclusions Through a comparative analysis of the rationality of 563 cases with perioperative use of antibacterial drugs, 79. 02% of the cases were reasonable in terms of antibiotic usage during the operation, and the clean incision infection rate was less than 1. 5%, in line with national regulations. However, there is a certain gap between the use of antibiotics in the perioperative period and the requirements of the Ministry of Health. The management and supervision of the rational use of antimicrobial drugs should be further strengthened.