Oxidative stress is an major factor that affects aging and neurological diseases, which plays an crucial role in the development and progression of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Amyloid-beta protein ( Aβ) is a major component of senile plaques, and its aggregation and abnormal deposition are major contributors to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Studies have shown that oxidative stress triggered by Aβ deposition induces neuronal loss, cell death in cognitive memory-related brain regions, and finally causes the occurrence and development of AD pathology. This article focuses on the mechanism of toxic production of amyloid peptide in the occurrence and development of AD, the oxidation process of macromolecules and the process of the interaction between amyloid peptide and oxidative stress to clarify the relationship between amyloid peptide and oxidative stress in the occurrence and development of AD. This review provides strong theoretical support and research directions to promote studies on antioxidants in AD.